Objective. Optic nerve atrophy (ONA) has one of the main places in the structure of disability from early childhood and directly related to the state of health of the mother and child. There is need to develop methods for early screening of ONA available for ophthalmologists and pediatrician. The purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the perinatal complications factors for the formation of groups of varying degrees of risk in the prognosis of the development of ONA in early childhood. Methods. The main group for research was formed of 160 children (246 eyes) at the age of 3 months to 3 years old with diagnosis ONA after the complex diagnostic examination. The control group consisted 98 children of similar age without signs of ONA. Results. Factors of perinatal risk in the prognosis of the development of ONA in children were identified (in order of increasing their prognostic significance): a total risk for the childs health in the maternal anamnesis according to F. Arias table from two or more points; hypoxia in childbirth; acute and recovery periods neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; indexes of child health on the Apgar scale with an assessment of less than 7 points; intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus. This allowed the development of therapeutic treatment algorithm for each child. Conclusions. There is close relationship between ONA development and high-risk pregnancy, the period of newborns, the clinical expression of which is the hypoxic-ischemic factor. The perinatal complication factors that influence to the development of ONA in early childhood are determined.