pmjТихоокеанский медицинский журналPacific Medical Journal1609-1175TGMU10.34215/1609-1175-2023-4-42-46pmj-2598Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯORIGINAL RESEARCHESНастоящее и будущее судебно-медицинской генетикиThe present and future of forensic geneticshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-2387ФоминыхТ. А.FominykhT. A.

Фоминых Татьяна Аркадьевна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой судебной медицины Института «Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского»

295051, г. Симферополь, бульвар Ленина, 5/7

Tatyana A. Fominykh, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute «Medical Academy named aft er S.I. Georgievsky»

5/7 Lenina Boulevard, Simferopol 295051

tanusha.ark@gmail.comУлановВ. С.UlanovV. S.

г. Симферополь

Simferopol

ЗахароваА. НZakharovaA. N.

г. Симферополь

Simferopol

КиселевВ. В.KiselevV. V.

г. Симферополь

Simferopol

Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. ВернадскогоРоссияVernadsky Crimean Federal UniversityRussian Federation202301022024044246Copyright © Фоминых Т.А., Уланов В.С., Захарова А.Н., Киселев В.В., 20242024Фоминых Т.А., Уланов В.С., Захарова А.Н., Киселев В.В.Fominykh T.A., Ulanov V.S., Zakharova A.N., Kiselev V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.tmj-vgmu.ru/jour/article/view/2598

Статья посвящена перспективным направлениям судебно-медицинской генетики. Впервые использованный в ходе уголовного расследования в 1987 году ДНК-анализ обнаруженных на месте преступления биологических следов произвел революцию в судебно-медицинской экспертизе. За прошедшие три десятилетия были достигнуты значительные успехи в возможностях распознавания, скорости работы и чувствительности методов профилирования ДНК, а также их способности типировать все более сложные образцы. Создание баз данных ДНК-профилей преступников и частот популяционных аллелей позволяет идентифицировать подозреваемых по образцам с места преступления и статистически обрабатывать ДНК-доказательства для оценки их достоверности. В настоящее время мы можем идентифицировать даже отдельные клетки, оставленные на месте преступления, а также успешно анализировать древние человеческие останки. Судебно-медицинское ДНК-профилирование позволяет идентифицировать не только лица, известные следственным органам. В настоящее время специалисты используют новые генетические маркеры, способные расширить рамки методов ДНК-профилирования. Современные разработки позволяют извлекать из биологических следов новые виды криминалистически значимой информации, например используются молекулярные подходы к поиску лиц, ранее неизвестных следователям, предложены новые методики для выявления связи между донорами судебно-медицинских образцов и совершёнными преступлениями. Современные достижения в расшифровке генома человека, доступность методик полногеномного анализа и секвенирования позволят в ближайшей перспективе разработать новые инструменты для судебно-медицинского анализа ДНК.

In this article, we discuss the current state and future directions in the field of forensic genetics. The DNA analysis of biological traces found at a crime scene, which was first used in a criminal investigation in 1987, did revolutionize forensic science. Over the past three decades, significant advances have been made in the recognition capacity, speed, and sensitivity of DNA profiling methods, as well as in their capability of typing increasingly complex patterns. Creation of DNA databases of criminals and crime scenes, as well as population allele frequencies, allows suspects to be identified from crime scene samples and DNA evidence to be statistically processed to verify its reliability. At present, it has become possible to identify even single cells left at a crime scene and to successfully analyze ancient human remains. Forensic DNA profiling can be used to identify not only individuals known to the investigating authorities. Experts are increasingly applying new genetic markers that can expand the scope of DNA profiling methods. Modern developments enable extraction of new types of forensically significant information from biological traces, e.g., using molecular approaches to searching for individuals previously unknown to investigators. New methods have been proposed to identify the relationship between the donors of forensic samples and the crimes committed. Modern advances in the decoding of the human genome, as well as the availability of genome-wide analysis and sequencing techniques, pave the way for new forensic DNA tools capable of enhancing the quality of forensic science in the near future.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.