<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pacific Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1175</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TGMU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34215/1609-1175-2025-1-22-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pmj-2873</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Устойчивость бактерий рода Enterococcus к антибиотикам и дезинфицирующим веществам (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Resistance of Enterococcus bacteria to disinfectants (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6823-5971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мартынова Алина Викторовна – д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры эпидемиологии и военной эпидемиологии, 690002, г. Владивосток, пр-т Острякова, 2;</p><p>профессор кафедры биоразнообразия и морских биоресурсов, 690922, г. Владивосток, о. Русский, п. Аякс, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina V. Martynova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Epidemiology Department, 2 Ostryakova Ave., Vladivostok, 690002;</p><p>Professor of the Department of Biodiversity and Marine Bioresources, 10, build. No 25, Ajax settlement, Russkiy Island, Vladivostok, 690950</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">clinmicro@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ускова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uskova</surname><given-names>C. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>690922, г. Владивосток, о. Русский, п. Аякс, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, build. No 25, Ajax settlement, Russkiy Island, Vladivostok, 690950</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России;&#13;
Дальневосточный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pacific State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
Far Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Дальневосточный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Far Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мартынова А.В., Ускова С.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мартынова А.В., Ускова С.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Martynova A.V., Uskova C.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tmj-vgmu.ru/jour/article/view/2873">https://www.tmj-vgmu.ru/jour/article/view/2873</self-uri><abstract><p>Бактерии рода Enterococcus – это условно-патогенные микроорганизмы, являющиеся частью нормальной микрофлоры кишечника человека и животных, повсеместно встречающиеся в окружающей среде. Цель данного обзора – проанализировать литературные данные об устойчивости бактерий рода Enterococcus к антимикробным и дезинфицирующим веществам. Резкое увеличение бактерий, устойчивых к антибиотикам, вызывает необходимость в поиске новых эффективных дезинфицирующих и антибактериальных веществ для подавления пролиферации и распространения патогенов в окружающей среде. Поэтому необходимо изучать устойчивость бактерий рода Enterococcus не только к антибиотикам, но и к дезинфицирующим веществам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Enterococcus bacteria are opportunistic pathogens associated with a normal intestinal microflora in humans and animals and widely spread in the environment. This review aims to analyze the literature data on resistance of the genus Enterococcus to anti-infective agents and disinfectants. The dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria drives the need for searching for new effective disinfectants and antibacterial substances to inhibit the proliferation and spread of pathogens in the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study the resistance of Enterococcus bacteria not only to antibiotics but also to disinfectants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Enterococcus</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>дезинфицирующие вещества</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Enterococcus</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>disinfectants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbosa J, Borges S, Teixeira P. Selection of potential probiotic Enterococcus faecium isolated from Portuguese fermented food. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014; 191: 144–148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbosa J, Borges S, Teixeira P. Selection of potential probiotic Enterococcus faecium isolated from Portuguese fermented food. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014; 191: 144–148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon S., Swenson J., Hill B. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common and unusual species of enterococci causing infections in the United. States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992; 30(9): 2373–2378. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.9.2373-2378.1992</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon S., Swenson J., Hill B. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common and unusual species of enterococci causing infections in the United. States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992; 30(9): 2373–2378. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.9.2373-2378.1992</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishiyama M, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Suzuki Y. Antibiotic resistance profiling and genotyping of vancomycin-resistant enterococci collected from an urban river basin in the Provincial City of Miyazaki, Japan. Water (Switzerland). 2017; 9(2): 1–17. doi: 10.3390/w9020079</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishiyama M, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Suzuki Y. Antibiotic resistance profiling and genotyping of vancomycin-resistant enterococci collected from an urban river basin in the Provincial City of Miyazaki, Japan. Water (Switzerland). 2017; 9(2): 1–17. doi: 10.3390/w9020079</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elizabeth F, Daria VT, Michael SG. Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7(4): 1–23. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec. GPP3-0053-2018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elizabeth F, Daria VT, Michael SG. Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7(4): 1–23. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec. GPP3-0053-2018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadowy E, Luczkiewicz A. Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14(66): 1–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadowy E, Luczkiewicz A. Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14(66): 1–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim M, Weigand MR, Oh S. Widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants can promote antibiotic resistance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2018; 84: 7–19. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01201-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim M, Weigand MR, Oh S. Widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants can promote antibiotic resistance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2018; 84: 7–19. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01201-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai X, Ma X, Xu F, Li J, Zhang H, Xiao X. The drinking water treatment process as a potential source of affecting the bacterial antibiotic resistance. Sci. Total Environ. 2015; 533: 24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.082</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai X, Ma X, Xu F, Li J, Zhang H, Xiao X. The drinking water treatment process as a potential source of affecting the bacterial antibiotic resistance. Sci. Total Environ. 2015; 533: 24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.082</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cloete TE. Resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2003; 51: 277–282. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00042-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cloete TE. Resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2003; 51: 277–282. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00042-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Z, Shan L, Zhang X, Hu F, Zhong D, Yuan Y, Zhang J. Effects of bacterial community composition and structure in drinking water distribution systems on biofilm formation and chlorine resistance. Chemosphere. 2020; 264: 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Z, Shan L, Zhang X, Hu F, Zhong D, Yuan Y, Zhang J. Effects of bacterial community composition and structure in drinking water distribution systems on biofilm formation and chlorine resistance. Chemosphere. 2020; 264: 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tong C, Hu H, Chen G, Li Z, Li A, Zhang J. Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies. Environmental Research. 2021; 195: 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tong C, Hu H, Chen G, Li Z, Li A, Zhang J. Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies. Environmental Research. 2021; 195: 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, Pollock D, See I, Soe MM, Walters MS, Dudeck MA. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1-18. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.296</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, Pollock D, See I, Soe MM, Walters  MS, Dudeck MA. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1-18. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.296</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Землянко О.М., Рогоза Т.М., Журавлева Г.А. Механизмы множественной устойчивости бактерий к антибиотикам. Экологическая генетика. 2018; 16(3): 4–17. doi: 10.17816/ecogen1634-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemlyanko OM, Rogoza TM, Zhuravleva GA. Mechanisms of mul tiple resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Ecological Genetics. 2018; 16(3):4–17 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17816/ecogen1634-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров Н.С. Основы учения об антибиотиках. М.: изд-во МГУ Наука. 2004; 580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorov N. S. Fundamentals of the doctrine of antibiotics. M.: Iz-vo MGU Nauka. 2004; 580 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huys G, Haene KD, Collard J, Swings J. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Tetracycline Resistance in Enterococcus Isolates from Food. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70(4): 1555–1562. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1555-1562.2004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huys G, Haene KD, Collard J, Swings J. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Tetracycline Resistance in Enterococcus Isolates from Food. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70(4): 1555–1562. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1555-1562.2004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raven KE, Reuter S, Gouliouris T, et. al. Genome-based characterization of hospital-adapted Enterococcus faecalis lineages. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(3):1–7. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raven KE, Reuter S, Gouliouris T, et. al. Genome-based characterization of hospital-adapted Enterococcus faecalis lineages. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(3):1–7. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow JW. Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000; 31(2) 586–589. doi: 10.1086/313949</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow JW. Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000; 31(2) 586–589. doi: 10.1086/313949</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leclercq R, Dutka-Malen S, Brisson-Noël A, Molinas C, Derlot E, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Resistance of enterococci to aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1992; 15(3): 495–501. doi: 10.1093/clind/15.3.495</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leclercq R, Dutka-Malen S, Brisson-Noël A, Molinas C, Derlot E, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Resistance of enterococci to aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1992; 15(3): 495–501. doi: 10.1093/clind/15.3.495</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ounissi H, Derlot E, Carlier C, Courvalin P. Gene homogeneity for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Gram-positive cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34: 2164–2168. doi: 10.1128/AAC.34.11.2164</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ounissi H, Derlot E, Carlier C, Courvalin P. Gene homogeneity for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Gram-positive cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34: 2164–2168. doi: 10.1128/AAC.34.11.2164</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aslangul E, Massias L, Meulemans A, Chau F, Andremont A, Courvalin P, Fantin B, Ruimy R. Acquired Gentamicin Resistance by Permeability Impairment in Enterococcus faecalis. Mechanisms of resistance. 2006; 50(11): 3615–-3621. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00390-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aslangul E, Massias L, Meulemans A, Chau F, Andremont A, Courvalin P, Fantin B, Ruimy R. Acquired Gentamicin Resistance by Permeability Impairment in Enterococcus faecalis. Mechanisms of resistance. 2006; 50(11): 3615–-3621. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00390-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zou LK, Wang HN, Zeng B, Li JN, Li XT, Zhang AY, Xia QQ. Erythromycin resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis from swine in China. New Microbiologica. 2011; 34(1): 73–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zou LK, Wang HN, Zeng B, Li JN, Li XT, Zhang AY, Xia QQ. Erythromycin resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis from swine in China. New Microbiologica. 2011; 34(1): 73–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pasquaroli S, Cesare AD, Vignaroli C, Conti G, Citterio B, Biavasco F. Erythromycin- and copper-resistant Enterococcus hirae from marine sediment and co-transfer of erm(B) and tcrB to human Enterococcus faecalis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2014; 80(1): 26–28. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.06.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pasquaroli S, Cesare AD, Vignaroli C, Conti G, Citterio B, Biavasco F. Erythromycin- and copper-resistant Enterococcus hirae from marine sediment and co-transfer of erm(B) and tcrB to human Enterococcus faecalis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2014; 80(1): 26–28. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.06.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou EN, Falagas ME. Ampicillin/Sulbactam in Severe Bacterial Infections. Review Article. 2007; 67(13): 1829–1849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou EN, Falagas ME. Ampicillin/Sulbactam in Severe Bacterial Infections. Review Article. 2007; 67(13): 1829–1849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rice LB, Thomas RH, Lakticova V, Helfand MS, et. al. Betalactam antibiotics and gastrointestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005; 24(12): 804–814. doi: 10.1086/382086</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rice LB, Thomas RH, Lakticova V, Helfand MS, et. al. Betalactam antibiotics and gastrointestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005; 24(12): 804–814. doi: 10.1086/382086</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall SH, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002; 46 (10): 3334–3336. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.10.3334-3336.2002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall SH, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002; 46 (10): 3334–3336. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.10.3334-3336.2002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oyamada Y, Ito H, Fujimoto K, Asada R, Niga T, Okamoto R, Inoue M, Yamagishi JI. Combination of known and unknown mechanisms confers high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2006; 55(6): 729–736. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46303-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oyamada Y, Ito H, Fujimoto K, Asada R, Niga T, Okamoto R, Inoue M, Yamagishi JI. Combination of known and unknown mechanisms confers high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2006; 55(6): 729–736. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46303-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Седова МК. Разработка состава и методов контроля качества твердой лекарственной формы левофлоксацина: дис. канд. фарм. наук. Москва. 2016; 167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedova MK. Development of the composition and methods of quality control of the solid dosage form of levofloxacin: Dis. Cand. Pharm. Sci.. Moscow. 2016; 167 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasufuku T, Shigemura K, Shirakawa T, Matsumoto M, Nakano Y, et. al. Mechanisms of and Risk Factors for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49(11): 3912–3916. doi: 10.1128/JCM.05549-11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasufuku T, Shigemura K, Shirakawa T, Matsumoto M, Nakano Y, et. al. Mechanisms of and Risk Factors for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49(11): 3912–3916. doi: 10.1128/JCM.05549-11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rattanaumpawan P, Tolomeo P, Bilker WB, Fishman NO, Lautenbach E. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterococcus urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139: 955–961. doi:10.1017/S095026881000186X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rattanaumpawan P, Tolomeo P, Bilker WB, Fishman NO, Lautenbach E. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterococcus urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139: 955–961. doi:10.1017/S095026881000186X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enne VI, Delsol AA, Roe JM, Bennett PM. Rifampicin resistance and its fitness cost in Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004; 53(2): 203–207. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enne VI, Delsol AA, Roe JM, Bennett PM. Rifampicin resistance and its fitness cost in Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004; 53(2): 203–207. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jolivet S, Fines-Guyon M, Nebbad B, Merle JC, Pluart DL, Brun-Buisson C, Cattoir V. First nosocomial outbreak of vanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus raffinosus in France. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2016; 94(4): 346–350. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jolivet S, Fines-Guyon M, Nebbad B, Merle JC, Pluart DL, Brun-Buisson C, Cattoir V. First nosocomial outbreak of vanAtype vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus raffinosus in France. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2016; 94(4): 346–350. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bugg TDH, Wright GD, Walsh CT, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Molecular Basis for Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: Biosynthesis of a Depsipeptide Peptidoglycan Precursor by Vancomycin Resistance Proteins VanH and VanA. Biochemistry. 1991; 30(43): 10408–10415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bugg TDH, Wright GD, Walsh CT, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Molecular Basis for Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: Biosynthesis of a Depsipeptide Peptidoglycan Precursor by Vancomycin Resistance Proteins VanH and VanA. Biochemistry. 1991; 30(43): 10408–10415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monticelli J, Knezevich A, Luzzati R, Bella SD. Clinical management of non-faecium non-faecalis vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection. Focus on Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2018; 24(4): 237–246. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monticelli J, Knezevich A, Luzzati R, Bella SD. Clinical management of non-faecium non-faecalis vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection. Focus on Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2018; 24(4): 237–246. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cetinkaya Y, Fallk P, Mayhall C. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2000; 13(4): 686–707. doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.686</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cetinkaya Y, Fallk P, Mayhall C. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2000; 13(4): 686–707. doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.686</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vergalli J, Bodrenko IV, Masi M, Moynie L, et. al. Porins and small-molecule translocation across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019; 18: 164– 176. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0294-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vergalli J, Bodrenko IV, Masi M, Moynie L, et. al. Porins and small-molecule translocation across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019; 18: 164– 176. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0294-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L, Ye L, Kromann S, Meng H. Occurrence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, and disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat meat products. Foodb. Pathog. Dis. 2016; 14: 109–115. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L, Ye L, Kromann S, Meng H. Occurrence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, and disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat meat products. Foodb. Pathog. Dis. 2016; 14: 109–115. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J, Jin M, Nguyen SH, Mao L, Li J, Coin LJM, Yuan Z, Guo J. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial triclosan induces multiple antibiotic resistance through genetic mutation. Environ. Int. 2018; 118: 257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J, Jin M, Nguyen SH, Mao L, Li J, Coin LJM, Yuan Z, Guo J. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial triclosan induces multiple antibiotic resistance through genetic mutation. Environ. Int. 2018; 118: 257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapman JS. Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2003; 51: 271–276. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00044-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapman JS. Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2003; 51: 271–276. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00044-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright GD. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005; 57: 1451–1470. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright GD. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005; 57: 1451–1470. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics, and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999; 12(1):147–179. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics, and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999; 12(1):147–179. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ersoy ZG, Dinc O, Cinar B, Gedik ST, Dimoglo A. Comparative evaluation of disinfection mechanism of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and electroactivated water on Enterococcus faecalis. LWT. 2019; 102: 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ersoy ZG, Dinc O, Cinar B, Gedik ST, Dimoglo A. Comparative evaluation of disinfection mechanism of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and electroactivated water on Enterococcus faecalis. LWT. 2019; 102: 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin M, Liu L, Wang DN, Yang D, Liu WL, Yin J, Yang ZW, Wang HR, Qiu ZG, Shen ZQ, Shi DY, Li HB, Guo JH, Li JW. Chlorine disinfection promotes the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera by natural transformation. ISME J. 2020 Jul;14(7):1847-1856. doi: 10.1038/s41396-020-0656-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin M, Liu L, Wang DN, Yang D, Liu WL, Yin J, Yang ZW, Wang HR, Qiu ZG, Shen ZQ, Shi DY, Li HB, Guo JH, Li JW. Chlorine disinfection promotes the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera by natural transformation. ISME J. 2020 Jul;14(7):1847-1856. doi: 10.1038/s41396-020-0656-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tezel U, Pavlostathis SG. Role of quaternary ammonium compounds on antimicrobial resistance in the environment. Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment. 2012; 349–387. doi: 10.1002/9781118156247.ch20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tezel U, Pavlostathis SG. Role of quaternary ammonium compounds on antimicrobial resistance in the environment. Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment. 2012; 349–387. doi: 10.1002/9781118156247.ch20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tezel U, Pavlostathis SG. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2015; Vol. 33: 296–304. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tezel U, Pavlostathis SG. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2015; Vol. 33: 296–304. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braga TM, Marujo PE, Pomba C, Lopes MFS. Involvement, and dissemination, of the enterococcal small multidrug resistance transporter QacZ in resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother. –2011; 66: 283–286. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braga TM, Marujo PE, Pomba C, Lopes MFS. Involvement, and dissemination, of the enterococcal small multidrug resistance transporter QacZ in resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother. –2011; 66: 283–286. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim KS, P. C. A. Kam Chlorhexidine-pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008; 36: 502–512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim KS, P. C. A. Kam Chlorhexidine-pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008; 36: 502–512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilbert P, Moore LE. Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet. J Appl Microbiol. 2005; 99: 703–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilbert P, Moore LE. Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet. J Appl Microbiol. 2005; 99: 703–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prieto AMG, Wijngaarden J, Braat JC, Rogers MRC, Majoor E, et. al. The Two-Component System ChtRS Contributes to Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(5): 1–9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02122-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prieto AMG, Wijngaarden J, Braat JC, Rogers MRC, Majoor E, et. al. The Two-Component System ChtRS Contributes to Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(5): 1–9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02122-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
