<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pacific Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1175</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TGMU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34215/1609-1175-2026-2-10-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pmj-3135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кардиоренальный синдром 5-го типа в реанимации и интенсивной терапии: систематический обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Type 5 cardiorenal syndrome resuscitation and intensive care: A systematic review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-2947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дунц</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dunts</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дунц Павел Вадимович – к.м.н., доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии Тихоокеанского ГМУ; заведующий отделением анестезиологии и реанимации Краевой клинической больницы № 2.</p><p>690002, Владивосток, пр-т Острякова, 2; 690105, Владивосток, ул. Русская, 55; тел.: +7 (902) 506-19-72</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Dunts - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associated Professor of the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Pacific SMU; Chief of the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology of the RCH No 2.</p><p>2 Ostryakova Ave. Vladivostok, 690002; 55 Russian str., Vladivostok, 690105; tel.: +7 (902) 506-19-72</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dpv@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуматов</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumatov</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титовец</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titovets</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горожин</surname><given-names>П. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorozhin</surname><given-names>P. Iu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пыхтина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pykhtina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мотрий</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Motrii</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет; Краевая клиническая больница № 2</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pacific State Medical University; Regional Clinical Hospital No 2</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pacific State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Краевая клиническая больница № 2</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Regional Clinical Hospital No 2</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дунц П.В., Шуматов В.Б., Титовец О.А., Горожин П.Ю., Пыхтина О.В., Мотрий Э.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дунц П.В., Шуматов В.Б., Титовец О.А., Горожин П.Ю., Пыхтина О.В., Мотрий Э.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dunts P.V., Shumatov V.B., Titovets O.A., Gorozhin P.I., Pykhtina O.V., Motrii E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tmj-vgmu.ru/jour/article/view/3135">https://www.tmj-vgmu.ru/jour/article/view/3135</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Кардиоренальный синдром 5-го типа (КРС-5) представляет собой сочетанную дисфункцию сердца и почек на фоне системного процесса, чаще всего сепсиса. Диагностика и лечение данного состояния в отделениях реанимации остаются сложной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: обобщение современных данных о патогенезе, диагностических маркерах и терапевтических стратегиях при КРС-5 у взрослых пациентов в критическом состоянии.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Установлено, что NGAL обладает высокой чувствительностью (88%), но низкой специфичностью (47%) при сепсисе. KIM-1 продемонстрировал наилучшую диагностическую точность (Area Under Curve – AUC 0,93) для выявления острого повреждения почек (ОПП). CCL14 является перспективным предиктором персистирующего тяжелого ОПП (AUC 0,79). Повышение центрального венозного давления на 1 мм рт. ст. ассоциировано с ростом риска ОПП на 6% (отношение шансов 1,06). Шкала венозной конгестии (VExUS) значима в кардиохирургии (отношение рисков 3,69), но не универсальна для всех реанимационных больных. В терапии левосимендан увеличивал скорость клубочной фильтрации на 22% у пациентов с ХСН, но был неэффективен при уже развившемся ОПП. Ультрафильтрация не улучшала выживаемость, несмотря на эффективное удаление жидкости</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. КРС-5 является воспалительно-гемодинамическим фенотипом критического состояния. Наибольший потенциал имеет интеграция биомаркеров клеточного стресса (NGAL), структурного повреждения (KIM-1) и показателей венозного застоя (центральное венозное давление, VExUS) в клинические алгоритмы для ранней стратификации риска и персонализации интенсивной терапии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Type 5 Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS-5) involves combined cardiac and renal dysfunction that occurs as part of a systemic process, mainly sepsis. Effective diagnosis and treatment of this condition in intensive care units presents continued challenges. Objective: To synthesize current evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies for CRS-5 in critically ill adults.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases from 2016 to 2025. Included were studies describing the CRS-5 phenotype, the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers (NGAL – Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, KIM-1 – Kidney Injury Molecule 1, CCL14 – Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14), hemodynamic parameters (Central Venous Pressure, VExUS – Venous Excess UltraSound), and treatment outcomes in adult patients in the intensive care unit. A total of 25 publications were included in the final analysis of the 40 selected studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. NGAL demonstrated high sensitivity (88%) but low specificity (47%) in sepsis. KIM-1 showed the highest diagnostic accuracy for acute kidney injury (AKI) with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.93. CCL14 emerged as a promising predictor of persistent severe AKI (AUC 0.79). A 1 mmHg increase in central venous pressure was associated with a 6% higher risk of AKI (Odds Ratio 1.06). The VExUS score was significant in cardiac surgery (Hazard Ratio 3.69) but not universally applicable across all intensive care unit populations. Therapeutically, levosimendan increased GFR by 22% in heart failure patients but was ineffective in established AKI. Ultrafiltration, despite effective fluid removal, did not improve survival.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. CRS-5 is an inflammatory-hemodynamic phenotype of critical illness. Integrating biomarkers of cellular stress (NGAL), structural damage (KIM-1), and indicators of venous stasis (central venous pressure, VExUS) into clinical algorithms holds the greatest potential for early risk stratification and the personalization of intensive care.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кардиоренальный синдром</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>венозный застой</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>отделения интенсивной терапии</kwd><kwd>NGAL</kwd><kwd>CCL14</kwd><kwd>VexUS</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiorenal syndrome</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>venous congestion</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>intensive care units</kwd><kwd>NGAL</kwd><kwd>CCL14</kwd><kwd>VExUS</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">авторы заявляют об отсутствии внешнего финансирования при проведении исследования</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, Costa S, Lentine C, Tang WHW, McCullough PA. Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(16):e840–e878. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, Costa S, Lentine C, Tang WHW, McCullough PA. Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(16):e840–e878. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Berl T, Bobek I, Cruz DN, Daliento L, Davenport A, Haapio M, Hillege H, House AA, Katz N, Maisel A, Mankad S, Zanco P, Mebazaa A, Palazzuoli A, Ronco F, Shaw A, Sheinfeld G, Soni S, Vescovo G, Zamperetti N, Ponikowski P. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):703–711. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Berl T, Bobek I, Cruz DN, Daliento L, Davenport A, Haapio M, Hillege H, House AA, Katz N, Maisel A, Mankad S, Zanco P, Mebazaa A, Palazzuoli A, Ronco F, Shaw A, Sheinfeld G, Soni S, Vescovo G, Zamperetti N, Ponikowski P. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):703–711. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Haase M, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R. Urinary biomarkers in septic acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(7):1285–1296. doi: 10.1007/s00134007-0656-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Haase M, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R. Urinary biomarkers in septic acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(7):1285–1296. doi: 10.1007/s00134007-0656-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen JJ, Lee TH, Lee CC, Chang CH. Using lipocalin as a prognostic biomarker in acute kidney injury. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021;21(6):537–551. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1917384</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen JJ, Lee TH, Lee CC, Chang CH. Using lipocalin as a prognostic biomarker in acute kidney injury. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021;21(6):537–551. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1917384</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan HC, Yang SY, Chiou TT, Shiao CC, Wu CH, Huang CT, Wang TJ, Chen JY, Liao HW, Chen SY, Huang TM, Yang YF, Lin HY, Chan MJ, Sun CY, Chen YT, Chen YC, Wu VC. Comparative accuracy of biomarkers for the prediction of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):349. doi: 10.1186/s13054022-04223-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan HC, Yang SY, Chiou TT, Shiao CC, Wu CH, Huang CT, Wang TJ, Chen JY, Liao HW, Chen SY, Huang TM, Yang YF, Lin HY, Chan MJ, Sun CY, Chen YT, Chen YC, Wu VC. Comparative accuracy of biomarkers for the prediction of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):349. doi: 10.1186/s13054022-04223-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi K, Jiang W, Song L, Li X, Zhang C, Li L, Feng Y, Yang J, Wang T, Wang H, Zhou L, Yu J, Zheng R. Persistent acute kidney injury biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2025;564:119907. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119907</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi K, Jiang W, Song L, Li X, Zhang C, Li L, Feng Y, Yang J, Wang T, Wang H, Zhou L, Yu J, Zheng R. Persistent acute kidney injury biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2025;564:119907. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119907</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beaubien-Souligny W, Rola P, Haycock K, Bouchard J, Lamarche Y, Spiegel R, Denault AY. Quantifying systemic congestion with Point-Of-Care ultrasound: development of the venous excess ultrasound grading system. Ultrasound J. 2020;12(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13089-020-00163-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beaubien-Souligny W, Rola P, Haycock K, Bouchard J, Lamarche Y, Spiegel R, Denault AY. Quantifying systemic congestion with Point-Of-Care ultrasound: development of the venous excess ultrasound grading system. Ultrasound J. 2020;12(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13089-020-00163-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longino A, Martin K, Leyba K, Siegel G, Gill E, Douglas IS, Burke J. Correlation between the VExUS score and right atrial pressure: a pilot prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04471-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longino A, Martin K, Leyba K, Siegel G, Gill E, Douglas IS, Burke J. Correlation between the VExUS score and right atrial pressure: a pilot prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04471-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verbrugge FH, Martens P, Ameloot K, Haemels V, Penders J, Dupont M, Tang WHW, Droogné W, Mullens W. Spironolactone to increase natriuresis in congestive heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. Acta Cardiol. 2018;73(3):1–9. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2018.1455947</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verbrugge FH, Martens P, Ameloot K, Haemels V, Penders J, Dupont M, Tang WHW, Droogné W, Mullens W. Spironolactone to increase natriuresis in congestive heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. Acta Cardiol. 2018;73(3):1–9. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2018.1455947</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grodin JL, Carter S, Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Drazner MH, Tang WHW. Direct comparison of ultrafiltration to pharmacological decongestion in heart failure: a per-protocol analysis of CARRESS-HF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018 Jul;20(7):1148–1156. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grodin JL, Carter S, Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Drazner MH, Tang WHW. Direct comparison of ultrafiltration to pharmacological decongestion in heart failure: a per-protocol analysis of CARRESS-HF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018 Jul;20(7):1148–1156. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Premuzic V, Basic-Jukic N, Jelakovic B, Kes P. Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration Improves Survival of Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Syndrome Compared to Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration. Ther Apher Dial. 2017;21(4):279–286. doi: 10.1111/1744-9987.12579</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Premuzic V, Basic-Jukic N, Jelakovic B, Kes P. Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration Improves Survival of Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Syndrome Compared to Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration. Ther Apher Dial. 2017;21(4):279–286. doi: 10.1111/1744-9987.12579</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Cox ZL, Moreno-Villagomez J, Ramos-Mastache D, Neville D, Balkcom N, Asher JL, Bellumkonda L, Bigvava T, Shaburishvili T, Bartunek J, Wilson FP, Finkelstein F, Maulion C, Turner JM, Testani JM. Serial direct sodium removal in patients with heart failure and diuretic resistance. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26(5):1215–1228. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.3196</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Cox ZL, Moreno-Villagomez J, Ramos-Mastache D, Neville D, Balkcom N, Asher JL, Bellumkonda L, Bigvava T, Shaburishvili T, Bartunek J, Wilson FP, Finkelstein F, Maulion C, Turner JM, Testani JM. Serial direct sodium removal in patients with heart failure and diuretic resistance. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26(5):1215–1228. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.3196</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lannemyr L, Ricksten SE, Rundqvist B, Andersson B, Bartfay SE, Ljungman C, Dahlberg P, Bergh N, Hjalmarsson C, Gilljam T, Bollano E, Karason K. Differential Effects of Levosimendan and Dobutamine on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Heart Failure and Renal Impairment: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(16):e008455. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008455</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lannemyr L, Ricksten SE, Rundqvist B, Andersson B, Bartfay SE, Ljungman C, Dahlberg P, Bergh N, Hjalmarsson C, Gilljam T, Bollano E, Karason K. Differential Effects of Levosimendan and Dobutamine on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Heart Failure and Renal Impairment: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(16):e008455. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008455</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tholen M, Ricksten SE, Lannemyr L. Effects of levosimendan on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration in patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03578-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tholen M, Ricksten SE, Lannemyr L. Effects of levosimendan on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration in patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03578-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musikatavorn K, Plitawanon P, Lumlertgul S, Narajeenron K, Rojanasarntikul D, Tarapan T, Saoraya J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound-guided Fluid Resuscitation of SepsisInduced Hypoperfusion and Septic Shock. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22(2):369–378. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.48571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musikatavorn K, Plitawanon P, Lumlertgul S, Narajeenron K, Rojanasarntikul D, Tarapan T, Saoraya J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound-guided Fluid Resuscitation of SepsisInduced Hypoperfusion and Septic Shock. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22(2):369–378. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.48571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh S, Padhi R, Sahu S, Meher M, Jain P, Subudhi SK, Vihari J, Samal A, Sahu AK. Application of inferior vena cava guided fluid therapy in the management of septic shock. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2024;18(1):75–81. doi: 10.3855/jidc.18489</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh S, Padhi R, Sahu S, Meher M, Jain P, Subudhi SK, Vihari J, Samal A, Sahu AK. Application of inferior vena cava guided fluid therapy in the management of septic shock. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2024;18(1):75–81. doi: 10.3855/jidc.18489</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen CY, Zhou Y, Wang P, Qi EY, Gu WJ. Elevated central venous pressure is associated with increased mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2770-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen CY, Zhou Y, Wang P, Qi EY, Gu WJ. Elevated central venous pressure is associated with increased mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2770-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, Song JY, Um TH, Cho CR, Jung H, Koo HK, Park JH, Lee SS, Park HK. Is plasma NGAL a predictive biomarker for acute kidney injury in sepsis patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016;33:171–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, Song JY, Um TH, Cho CR, Jung H, Koo HK, Park JH, Lee SS, Park HK. Is plasma NGAL a predictive biomarker for acute kidney injury in sepsis patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016;33:171–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang A, Cai Y, Wang PF, Qu JN, Luo ZC, Chen XD, Huang B, Liu Y, Huang WQ, Wu J, Yin YH. Diagnosis and prognosis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016 Feb 16;20:41. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1212-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang A, Cai Y, Wang PF, Qu JN, Luo ZC, Chen XD, Huang B, Liu Y, Huang WQ, Wu J, Yin YH. Diagnosis and prognosis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016 Feb 16;20:41. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1212-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, Zhang S, Cai Y, Chen Z. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015 May 6;19(1):223. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0941-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, Zhang S, Cai Y, Chen Z. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015 May 6;19(1):223. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0941-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Y, Huang P, Zhang J, Tian R, Jin W, Xie H, Du J, Zhou Z, Wang R. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(4):4159–4173. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-1855</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Y, Huang P, Zhang J, Tian R, Jin W, Xie H, Du J, Zhou Z, Wang R. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(4):4159–4173. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-1855</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bessière F, Khenifer S, Dubourg J, Durieu I, Lega JC. Prognostic value of troponins in sepsis: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(7):1181–1189. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-2902-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bessière F, Khenifer S, Dubourg J, Durieu I, Lega JC. Prognostic value of troponins in sepsis: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(7):1181–1189. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-2902-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F, Wu Y, Tang L, Zhu W, Chen F, Xu T, Bo L, Li J, Deng X. Brain natriuretic peptide for prediction of mortality in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(3):R74. doi: 10.1186/cc11331</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F, Wu Y, Tang L, Zhu W, Chen F, Xu T, Bo L, Li J, Deng X. Brain natriuretic peptide for prediction of mortality in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(3):R74. doi: 10.1186/cc11331</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallabhajosyula S, Sakhuja A, Geske JB, Kumar M, Kashyap R, Kashani K, Jentzer JC. Clinical profile and outcomes of acute cardiorespiratory syndrome type-5 in sepsis: An eight-year cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190965</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallabhajosyula S, Sakhuja A, Geske JB, Kumar M, Kashyap R, Kashani K, Jentzer JC. Clinical profile and outcomes of acute cardiorespiratory syndrome type-5 in sepsis: An eight-year cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190965</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrei S, Bahr PA, Nguyen M, Bouhemad B, Guinot PG. Prevalence of systemic venous congestion assessed by Venous Excess Ultrasound Grading System (VExUS) and association with acute kidney injury in a general ICU cohort: a prospective multicentric study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04524-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrei S, Bahr PA, Nguyen M, Bouhemad B, Guinot PG. Prevalence of systemic venous congestion assessed by Venous Excess Ultrasound Grading System (VExUS) and association with acute kidney injury in a general ICU cohort: a prospective multicentric study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04524-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sav T, Cecen F, Albayrak ES. The effects of ultrafiltration and diuretic therapies on oxidative stress markers in patients with cardio-renal syndrome. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2017;69(4):400–407. doi: 10.23736/S0393-2249.16.02663-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sav T, Cecen F, Albayrak ES. The effects of ultrafiltration and diuretic therapies on oxidative stress markers in patients with cardio-renal syndrome. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2017;69(4):400–407. doi: 10.23736/S0393-2249.16.02663-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi M, Bayes-Genis A, Duarte K, McMurray JJV, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Lupón J, Pitt B, Zannad F, Girerd N. Kidney function trajectories before and after hospitalization for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2025 Nov 14;46(43):4583–4593. doi: 10.1093/eur-heartj/ehaf457</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi M, Bayes-Genis A, Duarte K, McMurray JJV, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Lupón J, Pitt B, Zannad F, Girerd N. Kidney function trajectories before and after hospitalization for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2025 Nov 14;46(43):4583–4593. doi: 10.1093/eur-heartj/ehaf457</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharif S, Flindall H, Basmaji J, Ablordeppey E, Díaz-Gómez JL, Lanspa M, Nikravan S, Piticaru J, Lewis K. Critical Care Ultrasonography for Volume Management: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Trials. Crit Care Explor. 2025 May 14;7(5):e1261. doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000001261</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharif S, Flindall H, Basmaji J, Ablordeppey E, Díaz-Gómez JL, Lanspa M, Nikravan S, Piticaru J, Lewis K. Critical Care Ultrasonography for Volume Management: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Trials. Crit Care Explor. 2025 May 14;7(5):e1261. doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000001261</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
