6451 cases of malignant neoplasms were first detected in 2009 in Primorsky Krai. Trachea, bronchi and lungs (13.7%) were most affected. The authors highlight decreasing number of patients with morphologically confirmed diagnosis down to the level of 2007 (76.5%) and increasing number of tumours diagnosed at the stage IV. 1/3 of malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchi and lungs, colon, ovaries, prostate gland, and oesophagus had been diagnosed untimely. The highest rates of advanced forms of the disease (III and IV stages) were detected in case of oral cavity and pharynx cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, cervix cancer, and skin melanoma. Correlating indices of one-year lethality rate and neglected cases allowed indicating high frequency of clinical mistakes when estimating dissemination of the tumour process. The very high morbidity rate, number of neglected cases and lethality in case of malignant neoplasms are indicative of the need to improve early diagnostics of the oncological pathology, ensure full counting of oncological patients, analyse all the neglected and post-mortem confirmed cases, schedule prevention examinations using visual methods, cytological and serological screening.

The authors present an overview of literature dedicated to pathophysiological and therapeutical aspects of multiple myeloma, and analyse nature and causes of osteolysis and osteoporisis in case of multiple myeloma. The authors highlight the role of cytokines, growth factors, osteopontin, macrophage inflammatory proteins, matrix metalloproteinases and etc. in the progress of osteodestruction in case of multiple myeloma. The authors discuss iatrogenic mechanism of bone lesion and provide data of application of thalidomide, proteasome inhibitor bortezomid, and bisphosphonates (pamidronate, zoledronic acid).

Sixty seven patients with invasive bladder cancer had been operated in regional treatment and prevention departments during 2002-2006, 56 % of which underwent surgeries at Т₃-Т_4а stages that evidenced late diagnosing and delay in delivering medical care. Our experience allows concluding about positive short-term results of high-technology medical care delivered to the patients with bladder cancer in health institutions of regional and departmental levels. Further improvement in organization and surgery methods intended for radical treatment, and due care during post-operative period will allow to bring treatment results in case of bladder cancer to the world’s figures.

The paper summarises experience of 22 radical prostatectomies performed for prostate cancer using ultrasonic tissue cavitation device CUSA Excel-8 System and indicates that new methods have improved visualization of anatomical structures in the surgical field, decreased extent of blood loss and created optimum conditions for applying urethro-urethral anastomosis.

The paper analyses the spread of prostate cancer in the populated areas of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts and their territories during 1994-2008. By 2008, it followed pulmonary cancer, stomach cancer and skin melanoma in the morbidity patterns of this disease. The authors pointed out there had been an increase in the morbidity rate of the disease among the population living in the Siberian Federal District in 2004-2008. It was 27.1 per 100,000 of male population, in other words, 16.5% lower than the all-Russian indices, and 16.1% higher than those of the Far Eastern Federal District. The authors considered Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Sakhalin Oblast, and the Khabarovsk Region to be high-risk areas. The lowest morbidity rates were observed in a number of ethnic republics. Given the shown tendencies, by 2013 the highest morbidity rates will be expected to occur in Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, and Sakhalin oblasts, Jewish Autonomous Area, and Khabarovsk Region.

The results of 201 follow-ups of locally advanced cancer of proximal stomach allowed identifying dissemination of true tumours in 49 cases, 7 of which were organ-related ones. In 1/3 of cases the dissemination of oncological process in clinic was estimated adequately, and the surgical interventions performed as combined resections, were expedient. The combined operations performed on 22 patients (17.9 %) were estimated as absolutely unfounded because those patients had had tumour dissemination of the muscular layer of the stomach wall, only. The spleen, pancreas, liver and a bit rare diaphragm and mesocolon were most often operated for because of suspensions about ingrowth or true involvement of neighbouring organs in the tumour process. The histological structure and extent of tumour differentiation were of practical importance to determine probability of its invading into the neighbouring anatomical structures.

The paper analyses results of operative treatment of 136 patients aged 33 to 81 years (71 women and 65 men) suffering from colorectal cancer with distant metastases. The post-operative complications have been observed in 17% of cases after performing cytoreductive interventions and in 17.5% of cases after performing symptomatic operations. The authors conclude the extent of surgery does not correlate with the rates of complications and post-operative lethality. This allows extending the list of indications for cytoreductive operations in the practice of surgical treatment of colorectal cancer.

The authors conducted medical and statistical analysis medical history sheets of in-patient departments and medical records of acts of delivery of 280 HIV-positive pregnant women, and 280 medical history sheets of their newborns, and showed that social status of HIV-infected women was more often negative characterised by multiple somatic, gynaecological and chronic infectious pathology. The infants born by these women retarded in physical and neuropsychic development and had various somatic pathologies. These data confirm the social aspect of this problem that requires to be solved at the State level.

The authors tested secretion of 208 acneform elements from 107 patients suffering with acne and identified 299 strains of microorganisms attributed to 13 genii and 34 species. The distribution of microorganisms in the acneform elements depended on contagiousness indices and importance, values of which formed ranged rows in decreasing order: Propionibacterium acnes, Malassezia furfur, staphylococcus, Candida - en comedones; staphylococcus, Candida, M. furfur, P. acnes, streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonade and Clostridia - in pimples; M. furfur - in tertiary acne. By species diversity (d) the acneform elements made the raw: pimples (d=5.0), comedones (d=2.4), and tertiary acne (d=0.3).

The rat-experiments allowed identifying differences between the levels of systemic and local cytokines and dynamics of their production, depending on the aetiology of pneumonia. Enterobacter-induced pneumonia was characterized by increasing systemic production of g-interferon and interleukin-10. In case of pneumonia caused by Escherichia coli, the level of interferon did not change; the level of interleukin-10 in blood serum was considerably lower than that of intact animals. The local level of cytokines in case of pneumonia caused by Enterobacter spp. was characterised by activation of interleukin-10 and suppression in production of g-interferon measured two weeks after infection. The growing local prevalence of interleukin-10 concentration was observed in case of mice infected with E. coli. Therefore, Enterobacter spp. and E. mli have evident immune-depressive effects on pulmonary defence factors required to be taken into account when choosing methods of pathogenetic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia.

The paper analyses revised disease rate for retinoblastoma in the Kyrgyz Republic, studies efficiency of its integrated and combined treatment during 1994-2008 (78 cases) and summarises that the combined treatment using post-operative polychemotherapy appears to have better results at I-IIIA tumour stages (5-year survival rate is 83 %). The increasing survival rate of patients with retinoblastoma depends on timely diagnostics and early treatment in specialized medical departments.

The authors studied contents of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in lachrymal fluid and blood serum of 21 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 9 patients of risk group (myopia, hypertension, and diabetes). There was high level of these parameters, at local level, especially. It confirmed evident disorders in the tissue protease/antiprotease system. Some changes in local concentration (lachrymal fluid) appeared to be more informative than those of the systemic level (blood serum). This immune-related imbalance can serve a key factor in mechanisms of disorders in regulation of re-modelling processes in trabecular reticulum structure, cribriform plate and disk of optic nerve.

The paper provides results of treatment administered to 415 patients with locally advanced larynx cancer. The modified variants of surgical interventions performed as part of radical surgery programme allowed authors to achieve rather satisfactory immediate and late treatment results. Today, 217 patients (52%) are alive, the 3-year and 5-year survival rates are 72.3±3.2 and 59.4±4.0%, respectively.

The authors impart results of studies into selenium contents in blood, urine and various breast tissue segments in women with breast cancer living in Zabaikalye. As shown, the malignant lesions of the lacteal gland result in accumulation of selenium in tumour and decrease of its elimination with urine. The distribution of this element in organism and tumour tissue depends on the stage of the disease.

The authors analysed 1110 follow-ups and studied diagnostic relevance of examination methods if there was a reason to suspect prostate cancer. The prostatic specific antigen was the most sensitive method used to detect prostate cancer. The transrectal ultrasonic study of the organ was very important to specify diagnosis. The finger rectal examination is easy, non-invasive and simple method applied during pre-assessment. If there is a suspicion of malignant tumours of prostate, after finger rectal examination, the authors recommend conducting tests for prostatic specific antigen in blood, transrectal ultrasonic study and organ biopsy.

The authors summarise results of 454 surgeries for the proximal stomach cancer. The maximum number of complications and the highest lethality rates were observed after extended and extended combined stomach resections. The number of complications has considerably increased in elderly age groups, especially associated with severe heart and lung pathology.

The authors analyse 604 cases of blood bleedings from the upper gastrointestinal tract caused most often by duodenal ulcer (37.6%) and stomach ulcer (25.0%), and Mallory-Weiss oesophageal tear (11.3%). 117 follow-ups of the duodenal ulcer cases allowed to identify efficiency of various methods of endoscopic haemostasis. The most efficient method was to combine infiltration, electrocoagulation, and lavage with denaturants. In 10.2% of patients with continuous blood bleedings (Forrest I) the endoscopic haemostasis had no expert effects.

The author has examined 25 women aged 46 to 55 years with light postovarioectomic syndrome applying phytotherapy with cimicifuga extract. In one month, there was a reliable reduction in manifestations of a number of symptoms, and in three months there were almost no neurovegetative disorders. The author comes to a conclusion that cimicifuga extract is safe, efficient alternative method of treating neurovegetative symptoms of the postovarioec-tomic syndrome of light degree, given contraindications for hormonal replacement therapy.

The paper provides studies of level of interleukine-8 secretion by blood monocytes, stable state of lysosomal membranes and secretory and synthetic activity of blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages of 15 healthy women and 32 patients with acute and chronic metroendometritis aged 18-36 years. As shown, the inflammatory processes in the uterine is characterised by increasing levels of interleukin-8 production by blood monocytes, labilisation of lisosome membranes of monocytes and рєгі-toneal macrophages that results in increasing stability index of lisosome membranes and lysozyme secretion. The increasing synthetical activity of monocytes/macrophages is accompanied with increasing level of interleukin-8 production by blood monocytes during acute metroendometritis. The chronic inflammatory рго-cess results in increasing induction of interleukin-8 that retards synthesis of lysozyme.

The experiment with rats was used to study options for applying methods of system analysis (pair correlation, grade correlation and regression) to evaluate interrelation between quantity of nitroxidergic neurons with various activity of NADPH-diaphorase in the medulla nucleuses and value of arterial pressure. Although the methods recommended were only the private case of applying the statistical analysis of results in biological studies, they allowed evaluating the many-valuedness of interrelations existing between changes of diaphorase activity in the medulla nucleuses and variations of arterial pressure. The programs of correlation and regression helped to determine the most ponderable changes of the factor in reticular gigantocellular nucleus and dorsal nucleus of nervus vagus. The grade correlation program allowed finding the most ponderable changes in dorsal nucleus of nervus vagus and reticular small-cell nucleous.

The paper describes the problems how to evaluate economic effect from preventive examinations of population aimed at diagnosing unregistered cases of non-infectious diseases. The authors prove the thesis that it is not sufficient to use state budget expenses as the only criterion to search optimal strategies of preventive examinations at the planned time period.

Early diagnostics of socially significant diseases and increase in their danger for society are now of high priority. To solve these problems, it is required to raise more and more considerable resources. However, government financing through compulsory insurance and local budgets is not enough in this regard. It appears necessary to search for additional reserves to solve the problem, particularly, when we are modernising the public health service and have an opportunity to make amendments into legal framework. Among one of additional sources of public health financing is insurance of socially significant diseases through private insurance companies. By now, their role remains insignificant, but if to change the interest of insurance business using laws, its social responsibility will change. Besides, it is required to legally compel the private insurance organisations to insure all the cases of diseases that will increase the level and quality of medical aid and medical services.

Based upon medical statistics in Primorsky Krai over 1990-2006, the authors have investigated the relations between general cancer morbidity and skin cancer morbidity with ecological and social factors. They found that social factors for propagation of this pathology prevailed. In the meantime, the general cancer morbidity, to a greater extent, was related to environmental contamination with wastewater, while the skin cancer morbidity was associated with chemical composition of dust in the air and quality of water used in everyday life.

The paper provides a survey of HIV-infection monitoring results in Primorsky Krai in 2010 where the number of newly-diagnosed patients were the highest in the Far Eastern Federal District. Among the diseased people, city dwellers (88.5 %) prevailed. The first position by prevalence was taken by Ussuriisk city district. Among the HIV-positive patients, the part of women of reproductive age and pregnant women increased. The authors have analysed epidemical situation and suggested assuming some measures to prevent HIV-infection incidence.

Mediastinitis that is inflammation of mediastinum cellular tissue is among the most dangerous complications of acute odontogenic infection. The frequency of odontogenic mediastinitis in the CIS countries varies from 0.3 to 1.78 %. The authors describe the medical case of successful complex treatment of odontogenic Ludwig’s angina of mouth floor and deep spaces of neck complicated with purulent mediastinitis.

The paper describes combination therapy of massive vascular tumour of lumbosacral region diagnosed in a girl aged eight years. Before making eradication of tumour, the surgeons have performed X-ray endovascular occlusion of the feeding vessels. During the control survey in three months after the operation, no pathology was found.

The authors generalize the experience of 16 planned simultaneous operations conducted in patients aged 50-60 years with postoperative hernia ranging from 15 to 30 cm in diameter. Abdominoplasty was accompanied by closing of colostomy (7), cholecystectomy (3), choledochendysis with choledohoeunoanastomosis (1), hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy (2), ovariectomy (1), resection of chronic abscess of the abdominal space (1), and elimination of chronic enterostasis (1). The abdominal wall defect was covered using two methods: nonstretching hernioplasty and muscular aponeurotic hernioplasty with PROLENE Mesh grid above stitching. During postoperative period, no complications were registered. When studying hernioplasty late results (from 6 months to 6 years), no disease recurrence was diagnosed.

The paper generalises the experience in intra-arterial polychemotherapy of nonresectable of primary and secondary tumours diagnosed in 74 patients. 28 patients showed significant and 35 patients showed partial regress of neoplastic disease. In 9 cases, they registered stabilisation and in 2 cases - advanced pathologic process.

The paper describes results of periodic medical examinations of persons working in the motor transport companies of Primorye in 2010. The newly diagnosed diseases were registered for 7 % persons. The authors draw the conclusion that it is required to carry out sound medical examination if there is an assumption of professional nosology

The authors have analyzed 288 medical records of HIV-positive patients stayed in the HIV Centre for treatment in 2009 2010. In 80 cases, the doctors diagnosed active simple herpes. The greater part of patients (86.2 %) herpetic infection was following in subclinical form, in the others cases it was found clinically. In 81.3 % of cases, the herpetic infection was observed at the stage of secondary diseases of HIV infection.

The paper considers results of phase-contrast microscopy of blood samples drawn from patients suffering from chronic heart disease. It proves that risk of vascular catastrophes increases with serious changes of erythrocytes’ form caused by progressive hypoxia and intensification of free radical oxidation of lipids. The authors recommend applying microscopy of blood films to make screening studies of risk factors for acute vascular disorders diagnosed in patients with chronic heart disease.

The paper analyses long-term outcomes of ozone therapy of thyroid gland mass lesions which has been performed based upon the authors’ method. They have carried our questioning and instrumental and laboratory examination of 19 patients aged 23 to 26 years, which proceeded with the ozonic therapy treatment 8-10 years ago. The volumes of thyroid bodies of 11 patients were within normal limits; in all the cases, the level of thyroid hormones were within age limits. The authors consider that it is required to make large-scale implementation of ozonic technologies for treating thyroid gland mass lesions.

The paper describes the authors’ methods of modified stomach Bilrot-I resection in the case of complicated (difficult) duodenal ulcer. The Bilrot-I resection advisability is imposed by advantages of “end-to-end” gastroduodenostomia rather than the purpose to create the food passage adjusted to human physiology. In order to decrease tension in the zone of anastomosis, the authors suggest applying the tabulate stomach resection with complete ablation of lesser curvature. In case of chronic duodenal ileus, the authors prescribe to make Rou stomach resection with application of decompression duodenoeunostomy. The authors analyse 119 clinical observations, which demonstrate advantages of the method suggested.

The paper provides the results of modified extended horizontal resection of larynx in 53 patients suffering from locally advanced epiglottis cancer. Immediate postoperative complications were diagnosed in 28.5 % of medical cases, while, according to the literature data, their frequency during traditional operations reaches 40 %. Observations lasting from 2 to 17 years show that 31 patients (58 %) are alive. Deglutition and voice function have restored in all the cases.

The problem of diagnostics of primary and metastatic hepatic cancers and development of algorithms for patients’ examination come at an opportune time. Based upon the clinical experience, the authors describe various approaches, diagnostic methods and manoeuvres to solve this problem: ultrasonic examinations with fine-needle biopsy, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and cholangiostomy. The authors conclude that application of minimally invasive and non-invasive methods combined with analysis of immune markers allows advanced diagnosing of malignant process in 95-99% of cases.

The authors have evaluated the severity of state and relative risk of death for 100 patients with the sepsis of abdominal origin, taking account of the offered method how to define the severity and risk of death. For each patient, at the time of hospital admission and during the case follow-up and treatment, they have defined clinical, intraoperational, and lab values. According to the method offered by the authors, the relative probability of death and the severity of state were assessed. Clinical approbation of this method based upon 50 cases showed that the state of all patients with biliary sepsis might be referred to II-III severity level, while the relative risk of death was 60.7±2.5 %. For the other forms of sepsis of abdominal origin, the severity of state referred to I-II severity level, and the relative risk of death was 41.3±2.7 %.

The paper describes authors’ modified options for laryngopharynx organ-preserving resections. The authors have performed anatomic and topographic studies and operated 44 patients suffering from cancer of laryngopharynx. The developed method allows making neck lymph node dissection and radical primary oncotomy. Now, 25 patients (59 %) are alive, 3-year and 5-year survival rates are 74.7±8.3 and 66.5±10.8 %, respectively.

The paper provides experience of clinical application of polytetrafluorethylene implant to form eyebulb supporting-motor stump during posterior devisceration. In total, 20 operations have been made. The period of observations lasted 36 months. The authors obtained positive results reasoning the advisability to introduce the suggested option for eye prosthesis into clinical practice.