The authors present clinical and pathogenetic classification of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases prepared with due regard to pathogenesis and mechanisms of disease progression and typical clinical aspects. Their studies allow to define three groups of nosological units. These are: acquired diseases (1st group), hereditary diseases (2nd group) and congenital mal‑formations of lungs and bronchi (3rd group). Clarifying and updating the diagnostic criteria will allow more correct and prompt diagnostic verification.

The paper provides literature overview relating to biological and immunotropic activities of pharmacopeial drugs and dietary supplements containing nucleic acids of various origins. As reported, the DNA and RNA‑based drugs (both pharmacopeial and dietary supplements) are very promising therapeutic and immunotropic agents. Further in‑depth study into their immunotropic effects will depend on the necessity to identify their active onset and mechanism of action.

The author provides literature overview relating to gastric indigestion problems in adults and children, and presents results of studies into the syndrome prevalence and causes. As reported, there is a relationship between the gastric indigestion syndrome and the pattern of gastroduodenal area involvement. In conclusion, the author summarizes the scientific views with respect to assessment of gastric indigestion symptoms needed to diagnose gastroduodenal pathology, in children inclusively

In last years everywhere in Russia was the highest diseasuth infecttious monocleossis (IM) in children, in city Vladivostok too. Illness in children of all ages. Infectious mononucltosis caused by Epstein–Barr virus ran as classic forms with fever, tonsillitis, limphoadenopatia, with more frequent changes in the clinical analisis of blood. But it is found, what IM may because cytomegalovirus or mixt herpes‑virus infectious and posses specifically clinical symptoms.

The authors have experimentally studied the structural changes observed in conductor parts and alveolar tissue during the progression of experimental pneumonia, and revealed that the structural disturbances of the bronchial tree mucous tunic depend on the disease period. As reported, the progressing inflammatory process in lungs leads to changing quantity and activity of must cells as well as increasing biogenic amine content in the pulmonary tissue.

During the period from 1995 till 2005 Salmonella enteritidis strains with no virulence plasmids reached 3.3% (171 strains) of all the strains under study. As the tests conducted with polymerase chain reaction showed, S. enteritidis strains which did not contain plasmids of 38 MDA in weight, had been at the same time those that did not contain virulence plasmids. The plasmids of other molecular weight did not have an effect on phenotypic properties of a microorganism. The Salmonella infection provoked by S. enteritidis with no virulence plasmids was characterized by milder gastroenteritic clinical course, decreased dehydration rate and infectious toxic shock syndrome, as well as by many cases of the bacteria carrying.

Despite of the achievements in diagnostics and treatment of pneumococcal infections, rationalized antimicrobial chemotherapy of invasive forms of pneumococcal infections (pneumonias, menigitidis, etc) is still remaining the actual problem. In Primorskyi Region there is registered quite high level of pneumococcal infections morbidity. The most often isolated strains are strains resistant to tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. Increasing of macrolide and fluoruoquinolone nonsusceptible strains in age group from 5 to 18 years determines rational prescribing of antimicrobial agents of these groups in patients of this age group with invasive forms with pneumococcal infections.

Staphylococcus aureus antibiotics resistance analysis is performed in our institution and compared to the similar data of other RF clinics. A complex of measures suggested preventing and overcoming multidrug resistance, including special in‑hospital service for antibiotic therapy control and resistance monitoring.

The authors share the experience of operative and combined therapy of 1,075 patients suffering from non‑small cell cancer of lung and analyze immediate treatment results and methods of preventing and treating post‑operative complications. As reported, neoadjuvant multidrug chemotherapy combined with integrated preventive measures does not burden the postoperative course and does not influence the incidence of postoperative complications and lethality.

The authors present treatment results of 233 patients undergone simultaneous operations in 2003–2005 in the Municipal Centre of Endovideosurgery of the Elizabeth hospital. As reported, the simultaneous operations have some advantages over the isolated ones. The authors also specify the causes of weak diagnosability of combined diseases and a required extent of preoperative examinations to be carried out on patients seeking both elective and emergent surgical procedures.

The author conducted clinical immunologic blood analyses to 120 drug addict patients (15 donors in control group) and found out that in all drug addictions the antiorganic autoantibodies were likely to appear as a result of general pathogenetic effects of various drugs, and were non‑specific, or paraspecific, by toxic character. The level of drug effects on tissues depended on the sensitivity of various organs to drugs.

In case of pancreatonecrosis, suppurative and necrotic complications lead among the causes of lethality. The paper summarizes analysis of surgeries conducted to 168 patients suffering from suppurative and necrotic complications of pacreatonecrosis, and shows up advantages of “open” stepwise extraperitoneal miniapproach using Mini‑assistant kit over “closed” methods of surgery.

The paper summarizes observations of 73 patients who underwent artificial pulmonary ventilation. In most cases (87.6%), doctors confirmed gastroesophagolaryngeal reflux of gastric contents. In case of Mendelson’s syndrome (12 patients), erosive and ulcerative affections of larynx were detected within the first day after intubation. On the third day, these types of affection were observed in 80.2% of cases. In case of long‑term intubation the reflux of the gastric contents in larynx and trachea caused granulations. Therefore, the reflux of gastric contents into traumatic injury zone of mucous tunic should be deemed as one of the leading risk factors for postreanimation cicatricial stenosis of larynx and trachea.

The authors have used the model of indomethacine‑induced injuries of rat’s stomach to assess gastroprotective action of calcium alginate, and revealed that preliminary intragastric introduction of calcium alginate hampers the formation of destructive injuries of mucous coat of stomach. The authors believe their findings allow to consider calcium alginate as drug intended to prevent ulcer‑related injury caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Using vital microscopy method, the authors examined helium‑neon laser (0.63 µm and 2 mW) radiation response of mesostenium arterioles and venules, before and after applying the NOsynthase inhibitor L‑NAME, and after its activity being restored with L‑arginine. The laser radiation promoted blood flow acceleration in arterioles and venules and increase of their diameter. The value of arterial vessels dilatation inversely depended on their initial diameter. Precapillary arterioles were maximally sensitive to radiation. NO‑synthase inhibition reduced the laser effect on arterioles in half; the laser effect on venules decreased 3–8%, only. The introduction of L‑arginine promoted partial restoration of vessel reactivity.

The authors studied nitric oxide‑generating activity of neutrophils of various biological models infected in vitro with Y. pseudotuberculosis and L. monocytogenes, and revealed differences in nitric oxide production, depending on physiological state of neutrophils and type of bacteria. In case of cell adhesion, the authors observed increasing intracellular content of nitric oxide metabolites in human neutrophils and noninflammatory animals’ exudates (guinea pigs and mice). The neutrophils found in inflammatory exudates responded contrariwise. In response to infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis, the nitric oxide‑dependent bactericidal set of cells exhibited a high‑grade sensitivity, as compared to that with L. monocytogenes.

When analyzing 6,000 autopsy reports of patients died in general hospitals, the authors found out that during the period from 1991 till 1995 the proportion of diagnosed invasive or generalized mycoses reached 3‰. Over 1996–2000 and 2001–2006 this value increased to 7‰ and 17‰, respectively. During the past months of the year 2007, 5 cases of mycoses have accounted for 200 autopsy cases. The authors described modern morphology of actinomycosis, candidosis, mycelial fungi and other types of mycoses, and made a conclusion that the frequency and aggressiveness of saprophytic mycoses had been increasing and required both greater clinical control over background situations and preventive antifungal therapy.

The paper provides results of clinical and epidemiological examinations of patients suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis which is associated and not associated with Chlamidia infection. The authors point out high detection rate of two Chlamidia types (Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae) in patients with inflammatory processes in maxillary sinuses. As reported, there are some specific clinical and laboratory presentations of chronic maxillary sinusitis in patients with verified Chlamidia infection.

The paper provides results of clinical and experimental research of blood coagulation, anticoagulation, fibrinolytic systems and functional activity of thrombocytes during envideosurgery procedures in cellular tissue spaces. As is shown, the clotting systems on local and system levels are different, and the changes depend on a stress reaction level.

Structure and spectrum of hospital micro flora in burn wounds were investigated. In Prymorsky Regional Burn Department we have determined resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs that have allowed carrying out rational antibiotic therapy and antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in burn patients. The choice of an antibiotic depends on the patient condition and the presence of prognostic attributes of development of septic complications. The study has proved, that rational antibiotic therapy allows considerably reducing number of probability of development complications, to increase quality of treatment of the patients.

The paper identifies definitions of adverse outcome of medical interventions which means fault in administering medical aid and medical error. The authors propose a new approach to assessing medical error that should not be deemed as wrong actions of medical staff. Having analyzed forensic medical examinations carried out in Primorsky Krai Regional Bureau of Forensics in 2002–2006 with regard to improper execution of medical staff’s (obstetricians and gynecologists, surgeons and emergency medical personnel) duties, they set out the reasons for medical errors to occur during obstetric‑gynecologic and surgery procedures. The paper provides examples of forensic assessment of urgent situations occurred during such procedures.

Studying the Candida spp. species characteristics and vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy is of current importance today. This paper reveals the features of etiological structure of urogenital tract pathogenic organisms (C. albicans‑dominated ones) and provides records of C. tropicalis. C. krusei and C. pseudotropicalis. As reported, the fungi strains are observed in monoform and in association with other microorganisms. Unlike the other species, C. pseudotropicalis organisms are not found in aggregations.

The authors carried out experiments on rats and studied features of ovary morphology during long‑term hormonal background disorders and under the action of biologically active substances of Cucumaria japonica. Introduction of androgens in rat’s early neonatal period caused long‑term estrous cycle disorders and resulted in worsening processes of follicle growth and maturation, mass atresia of follicles, as well as anovulation and stromal hypertrophy of gonads with luteinization focuses. Intake of Cucumaria japonica‑containing extract did not have an effect on structural and functional changes in organs: the number of cavitary follicles increased very slightly, the number of atretic follicles somewhat decreased, but there were follicular and corpus luteum cysts.

Computer dermography allowed to examine 63 patients suffering from larynx cancer. The curve deviations were recorded in the 1^st and 4^th regimes. The graph synchronization f5–2 and f5–3 was observed in the 1st regime in segments C5, C6, C7. The stable graph synchronization fI, f2, f3, f4 and f5–3 was observed in the 4th regime in segments C*4 and C*5. The graph synchronization f5–3 was observed in the 4th regime in segments C5, C6, C7 with graphs f5–2 and f5–3 in the 1st regime in the same segments that corresponded to oncological character of the process. The larynx cancer was diagnosed in 62 cases. The authors came to a conclusion that the computer dermography, being the functional method of examination, could be very useful and important in diagnosing malignant tumors of larynx.

The authors have performed experimental work in efforts to model frontal abdominal wall hernias on 90 white nonpedigree rats. This defect was closed via: 1) closure with silk interrupted suture; 2) Sapezhko’s plasty; and 3) sutural glue duplicature. The sutural glue connection had some advantages over the other methods. These were: acceleration of surgery procedure, decreased number of suture material to be left in wound, and adequate connection strength. No suppuration was observed near the glue application area. The postoperative course of 32 patients undergone sutural glue plastic surgery for frontal abdominal wall was favourable. The late fates had been studied during 10 years, and no recurrence of hernias was diagnosed.

The authors have analyzed 240 observations of breast cancer in efforts to identify expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in malignant cells. As reported, receptor‑negative status dominated in observations of patients of young age. The receptor‑positive status was frequently met in observations of patients of premenopausal age. At the age of 50 to 59, the situation was similar. In the postmenopausal age, most tumors had receptor‑positive status.

The paper describes state of some cytokines being immunological indicators of health in blood serum taken from 72 women of postmenopausal age in Vladivostok. The cytokine secretion level depends on age, prescription of menopause coming, and urogenital infections.

The authors analyze primary morbidity rate of neoplasms in the female genital sphere in Primorsky Krai towns and districts, and point out low effectiveness of random population examination, including that carried out on the basis of preliminary questioning needed to detect high‑risk groups. As a conclusion, the authors believe the preventive women’s examination is one of the most efficient methods of diagnosing early‑stage neoplasms in the genital system.

Based on the data obtained as a result of multi‑center study conducted in Primorsky Krai, the authors analyze risk factors for an infection to occur within the area of surgical operation performed on adult patients with acute appendicitis, when applying various perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis schemes. Logistical regression analysis has helped to develop simulation model which, with a high probability, allows to predict risk of a surgical infection to occur. The authors have developed original methodology to carry out local clinical and economic assessments. This approach can be used to stratify risk of an infection to occur in the surgical operation area, as well as to individualize pharmacotherapy.

The paper summarizes data from sociological studies of Vladivostok residents’ dental health (questioning of 600 persons, including 200 children). Variation and correlation methods of statistic analysis allow to show correlation between respondents’ cultural level and financial well‑being, and quality of dental care. As reported, there is a great need to widely apply sociological studies in efforts to research into the dental health and assess the efficiency in rendering dental care.

Morbidity of schizophrenia across Primorye regional for 10 years (1996–2005) among children (from 0 till 14 years) and among teenagers (from 15 till 17 years) on materials of a statistical department of Regional psychiatric hospital No. 1 (Ussuriysk) is investigated. Growth of a parameter of morbidity by schizophrenia in territory among children in 2 times, with 7.7 on 100 thousand in 1996, up to 15.4 in 2005 is certain, the essential difference of a similar parameter on a to Vladivostok (14.6 in 1996 and 17.9 in 2005) is revealed. Parameters of morbidity of schizophrenia among teenagers changed from 48.3 up to 62.7 on territory and from 43.7 up to 52.4 on 100 thousand population on a to Vladivostok.

The paper discusses relevance and conceptuality of the problem of human freedom genesis, and provides detailed definition of this concept from modern scientific standpoint. Special attention is focused on genetic aspects of origin and evolution of human freedom.

This assay treats of the first ten years of medical service in Primorye. It also concerns organizational issues of medical service during the Russian‑Japanese and Civil Wars, and the Soviet period, and describes history of tick‑borne encephalitis pathogen discovery and study