One of the most important problems in ophthalmology is a treatment of patients with primary glaucoma. Nowadays about 10-15 % patients with glaucoma, even with appropriate treatment, are doomed to be blind. Normalization of intraocular tension is obligatory but does not guarantee the stabilization of glaucoma development. Neuroprotective therapy is believed to be important and aimed at preserving not dead but destructed with the ischemia of the axons of the ganglionic nerve cells. The groups of drugs and methods of treatment possessing neuroprotective action in glaucoma, and the problems that arise with the practicing physician in the appointment of neuroprotectors, are examined.

The article covers the problem of the correction of corneal astigmatism with the use of limbal relaxing incisions during cataract operations. The case overview, comparison with other technologies, the features of pre-surgery preparation and procedures performing techniques were carried out. We reviewed operation and post-operation complications as well as possible mistakes during procedures performing.

The review provides the information about the features of molecular and genetic mechanisms and biological effects of Interleukin-17 family members in immunopathogenesis of atopy and design of allergic pathology. The correlation of Interleukin-17 family members in the system of cytokine initial regulation, development and course of allergic diseases was analyzed. The significance of genetic predictors and imbalance of cytokine profile of Interleukin-17 family is discussed to foresee the design of endo- and phenotypic features of the course of bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.

Endothelial activation is an important part of immune response to an infection. Processes of leukocytes migration in the tissue of blood vessels depend on endothelium condition. With the activation of the endothelium followed by its dysfunction, there is an increase in expression on the membrane of endothelial cells of molecules of cell adhesion, in particular, the molecule of intercellular adhesion molecule 1-type (ICAM-1) and the molecule of adhesion of vascular endothelium of the 1-type (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 - VCAM-1), which provide a strong adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium. Soluble forms of these molecules can be considered as surrogate biomarkers of endothelial activation. The review provides the data of the world literature of changes in the expression of these biomarkers in sepsis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, malaria, dengue haemor-rhagic fever, boutonneuse fever, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis. Despite the ambiguous results it can be concluded that ICAM-1 и VCAM-1 are promising for further study both to foresee the course and outcomes in different infectious pathology, and to develop new therapeutic strategy.

The aim of surgical intervention in rheumatogenic retinal detachment is to achieve its anatomical fit. At the present stage of development of ophthalmic surgery, it is achieved in more than 70 % of cases. However, low visual acuity and persistent defects in color perception often make the functional results of operations poorly satisfactory. This review shows factors and mechanisms that reduce the functional effect of vitreoretinal interventions for rheumatogenic retinal detachment. The influence on the postoperative visual acuity of the presence or absence of macular detachment, its prescription and height, the severity of proliferative processes in the vitreous humor, the type and volume of the operation, the type of substance plugging the vitreous cavity, the state of artifics, and disturbances in ocular hydro-and hemodynamics are argued. Predictors of low postoperative visual prognosis are presented. Additional extra-retinal causes of functional decline in operations were identified. The necessity of surgical treatment of retinal detachment within a period of up to a month from the moment of its appearance is substantiated, and the expediency of the final evaluation of visual functions six months after the intervention is substantiated. The ambiguity of the data presented in the survey preserves the urgency of the problem under investigation and suggests the need to find new ways to solve it.

Analyzed literary sources characterizing working conditions, risk factors of occuppational stress development and morbidity with the temporary disability among the employees of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. The highest incidence (54 cases per 100 workers) is recorded here among women with higher education. In the structure of pathological affection, diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal system and digestive organs prevail in women specialists; men have diseases of the digestive organs, respiratory organs and the musculoskeletal system.

One of the leading places in the prevention and treatment of initial caries of enamel is remineralization therapy. The article presents an overview of mono- and complex medicines in various dosage forms used for prevention and treatment of initial caries of enamel. Considered the main problem of implementation of associated mineralizing prevention is the instability of solutions with ions of calcium, phosphate and fluoride, as well as the theoretical basis combined mineralisa prevention and mechanism of action of local remineralization of funds, namely, to Supplement the periodontal environment remineralizing ions. Shown promising application in remineralization therapy application of medicinal forms on the basis of polymers - gels and films of drug. Due to the structured water in gels and films provided a protective effect regarding the interaction of the main mineralizing ions of calcium and phosphorus, which allows you to save them in the free active state and thereby provide a substantial increase in penetration into the crystal lattice of enamel.

Objective. The study objective is to optimize the complex therapy of postoperative complications in patients with benign neoplasms of the salivary glands using reflexotherapy, hirudotherapy and drug treatment. Methods. The observation included 70 people aged 18-86 (42 women and 28 men) with paresis of the facial nerve after operative treatment of benign neoplasms of the salivary glands. Patients who received drug therapy (33 patients) formed the 1^st (control) group, patients who received complex treatment (37 people) - the 2^nd (main) group. In complex treatment, in addition to medications, there were methods of acupuncture and hirudotherapy. Results. According to the electromyography, the amplitude of the M-response in the patients of the main group, in contrast to the control group, significantly increased one month after the initiation of therapy. The magnitude of the duration of the M-response in the main group significantly decreased after a month, and in the control group practically did not change during this period. In the patients of the main group, in a month there were no disturbances in the functions of facial muscles at rest and with arbitrary movements, pathological involuntary movements and syncopeesis. The symmetry of the face corresponding to the morphophysiological features of the individual was restored. The rehabilitation time was up to 6 months in the control group. Conclusios. The study showed the undeniable advantages of a comprehensive approach using acupuncture and hirudotherapy, as a supplement to basic medical treatment, in patients operated on for benign salivary glands.

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the human amniotic membrane extract (AME) on wound healing of the corneal epithelium of the corneal epithelium, as well as on epithelialization and vascularization of the cornea in the model of severe alkaline burn. Methods. The toxicity of AME (at a concentration of 6.3%) and its effect on the migration activity of corneal epithelial cells (at concentrations of 6.3, 0.63 and 0.063%) were examined on a cell culture obtained from a donor material in a standard MTT-test and a wound test culture monolayer, respectively. The effect of AME (6.3%) on epithelialization and neovascularization of the cornea was studied in the experimental model of a corneal burn and a limb 50% in rabbits for 30 days. Results. There were no statistically significant changes in the viability of the cell culture under the action of AME at a concentration of 6.3%. After 48 hours in culture samples with the content of AME at concentrations of 6.3, 0.63 and 0.063% and the control, the width of the monolayer wound was 433.0±130.3, 235.5±56.4, 159.5±100.0 and 132.5±53.2 |jm. By the 30^th day, the epithelialization area in control and treated with the use of AME animals was 21.2±10.2 and 99.5±0.4%, respectively. A statistically significant increase in the area of corneal neovascularization with the use of AME as compared with the control was observed at the 7^th (28.5±12.7 and 12.1±3.2%) and 30^th (81.9±18.1 and 43.3±4.7%, respectively) day. Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrate the dose-dependent inhibition of the migration of corneal epithelium cells under the influence of AME in vitro, without the cytotoxic effects of high extract concentrations on the cell culture, and the stimulation of the neovascularization of the cornea in a severe chemical burn model in vivo.

Objective. The study objective is to develop the spectrophotometric assessment of degradation of anthocyanin pigments in extracts from stained plant parts. Methods. The study included 19 plant species. Extractants were neutral and acidified with hydrochloric acid water and 95 % ethanol. Aluminum chloride was added to alcohol extracts prior to the test. Absorption spectra were recorded in the range of 210680 nm, specific absorption in terms of dry matter, anthocyanin degradation coefficient (as the ratio of absorption peak maxima of extracts from raw and dry raw materials in acid medium), and also bathochromic shift were calculated. Results. Anthocyanins in extracts from flowers were kept in comparatively large quantities, but they had high degradation coefficients - i.e. low resistance to drying. Stability of anthocyanins in extracts from pericarp and leaves was higher. Conclusions. The developed method can be used in the preliminary selection of promising plants for the production of anthocyanin-containing phytopreparations.

Objective. The effectiveness of topical application of 5-fluorouracil after antiglaucoma operations for the prevention of scarring of the formed outflow pathways of the intraocular fluid was analyzed. Methods. The study included 112 patients over 35 y.o. (125 eyes), operated for the primary open-angle glaucoma in the far-advanced stage in PCEM in 2015-2017. Patients were divided into two groups comparable in age, glaucoma stage, and pre-operation level of intraocular pressure (IOP): 1^st group - 57 patients (63 eyes) were undergone non-penetrating deep sclerectomy with 5 % 5-fluorouracil; 2^nd group - 55 patients (62 eyes) without 5-fluorouracil. Results. On the 7^th day after the operation there was the difference in IOP values between groups: when using antimetabolite they were significantly lower. On the 15^th day the difference in values significantly increased, and this tendency persisted for six months. By the 9^th months of observation average values of IOP in both groups was almost equal. In a year and a half there were two patients who did not need a laser descemetopuncture from the group used 5-fluorouracil, there were no such patients in the 2^nd group. Conclusions. Thus, the use of 5-fluorouracil in the form of injections is a safe way of preventing early scarring processes in the area of formed outflow pathways of the eye fluid, which significantly increases the effectiveness of antiglaucoma surgery.

Objective. The annual disability index among patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is 2-9 %. One of the main factors causing the development of morpho-functional disorders of macula is the change in intraocular hemodynamics. The purpose is to study chorioretinal blood flow in patients with different visual acuities after successful endovitreal surgery of RRD. Methods. Clinical studies consist of 30 people (30 eyes) with the full anatomic retinal attachment after endovitreal surgery of RRD with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Depending on the level of the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) predicted the day before surgery, the patients were divided into 2 groups. Laser doppler flowmetry and angioOCT were carried out to all patients. Based on indices of chorioretinal blood flow, the degree of severity of its changes was determined. Results. Analysis of results indicated the presence of changes in parameters of intraocular hemodynamics of varying severity in patients with RRD before surgery and in postoperative period, depending on the stages of surgical treatment. Conclusions. The level of recovery of BCVA directly depends on the degree of severity of the chorioretinal deficit in macula and the rate of its disappearance.

Objective. The most serious retinal pathology rise in recent years. Purpose: an objective assessment of morphometric parameters of macular retina at preeclampsia. Methods. Studying of morphometric parameters of macular retina of 77 pregnant women (154 eyes) with preeclampsia was carried out. Results. The statistically reliable significant rising of macular retina thickness in women in groups with average and serious degree of preeclampsia was taped. Most severity retinal changes were created to the III trimester of pregnancy women with serious degree of preeclampsia. In 2-4 months after the delivery the average value of fovea thickness considerably decreased, but still significantly exceeded the primary values; the macular volume of a retina remained raised. Conclusions. It is proved that changes of micromorphometric parameters of retina are directly bound to severity of a preeclampsia. The taped changes of macular retina need to be considered when forecasting risk formation of macular pathology and in many years after the delivery.

Objective. Optic nerve atrophy (ONA) has one of the main places in the structure of disability from early childhood and directly related to the state of health of the mother and child. There is need to develop methods for early screening of ONA available for ophthalmologists and pediatrician. The purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the perinatal complications factors for the formation of groups of varying degrees of risk in the prognosis of the development of ONA in early childhood. Methods. The main group for research was formed of 160 children (246 eyes) at the age of 3 months to 3 years old with diagnosis ONA after the complex diagnostic examination. The control group consisted 98 children of similar age without signs of ONA. Results. Factors of perinatal risk in the prognosis of the development of ONA in children were identified (in order of increasing their prognostic significance): a total risk for the childs health in the maternal anamnesis according to F. Arias table from two or more points; hypoxia in childbirth; acute and recovery periods neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; indexes of child health on the Apgar scale with an assessment of less than 7 points; intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus. This allowed the development of therapeutic treatment algorithm for each child. Conclusions. There is close relationship between ONA development and high-risk pregnancy, the period of newborns, the clinical expression of which is the hypoxic-ischemic factor. The perinatal complication factors that influence to the development of ONA in early childhood are determined.

Objective. The muscle strength (MS) of the hands is used to assess the level of physical fitness in children and adolescents in restorative, sports medicine, physiotherapy exercises. However, the dependence of MS on the physical development of children and adolescents has not been adequately studied, taking into account the population variability of these indicators. Methods. Using the standard anthropometric method, the physical development of 308 boys, 11 to 17 years old, was studied in the dynamics of education in a general education institution. There were three groups sorted by the rate of maturation: the retardant boys (the biological age is less than the calendar age), the medians (the biological age corresponds to the calendar year), and the accelerants (the biological age is ahead of the calendar one). Strength index (SI) and adolescence mass index were calculated Results. With the increase in the calendar age from 11 to 17 years of age, MS increases from 15.1±0.3 to 37.5±0.7 kg, SI - from 38.1±0.7 to 55.1 ±1.2 units. The age dynamics of the SI varied depending on the rates of biological maturation of boys. MS increased in the prepubertal and early pubertal periods. There was a different age-related dynamics of Ms in adolescent boys, taking into account "tallness". According to the SI, boys with an elevated body mass index were significantly inferior to the other two groups in all age groups. Conclusions. There are sensitive (critical) periods in the formation of MS in adolescent boys associated with periods of maximum growth rate. Differences are observed in boys with different rates of biological maturation, so "retardants" are inferior to boys with biological development outstripping and corresponding age. The formation of MS is affected by both deficits and excess body weight. From the indicators of physical development in the formation of MS in adolescents contributes to the length of the body, as well as the rate of biological maturation, which is indicated by the length of the body. A negative contribution to the formation of MS is made by the body weight.

Objective. The bioelectric activity of the brain was studied in 80 patients with various diseases of the organ of vision (glaucoma, myopia, age-related macular dystrophy, cataracts). Methods. The study was conducted with electroencephalograph 'Neuron-spectr-1' with the use of specialized package of applications on spectral analysis of human brain rhythmic activity for usage in medicine to early diagnose pathology of internal organs. It was used the technology of recording the global brain rhythmic activity with narrow-band filtering and a long summation time with predominantly long-term current rhythmic oscillations in the frequency spectrum ranging from 0.1 to 30 Hz. Results. In case of a primary open angle glaucoma and macular dystrophy we observed a general pattern of 'pathological' activity predominantly in frequency spectra of autonomic receptors. This is the evidence of the activation of local sympathetic and suppression of parasympathetic tonus. Changes of brain rhythmic activity were detected in patients with low degree myopia; they characterized the state of a-ad re no receptors and M-cho-linergic receptors of the ciliary muscle of the eye. Patients with initial age-related cataracts were dominated by low-frequency processes in the projection segments of the eye. Conclusions. Features of bioelectrical brain activity revealed in glaucoma, macular dystrophy, myopia, and cataracts can be a basis for development of additional criteria of screening diagnostics of early stages of eye diseases.

Objective. The aim of this work is clinical-immunological monitoring with the determining of the role of herpesvirus (HPV) and chlamydial infection in etiological structure of idiopathic optic neuritis (ON). Methods. A retrospective analysis of 45 patients (45 eyes) with acute idiopathic ON, aged 17 to 39 years. The criteria for selection of patients in the examined group is the lack of multiple sclerosis and other central nervous system diseases, acute and chronic specific infections. Results. Immunoassay monitoring of serum showed etiological involvement of HPV in the development of idiopathic ON. Detailed immunoassay to detect specific antibodies of various classes confirmed etiological dominance in patients with idiopathic ON HSV- in the form monoinfection (51.5 %) and a virus-virus associations (26.7 %). Low avidity antibodies of class IgG at the values of avidity index less than 50 % were diagnosed in a significant number of patients with different serotypes of HPV (65.5 %) in serum. Conclusions. Etiological participation of major serotypes of HPV was proved in 45 patients (100 % of cases) with idiopathic ON. Additional tests as a measure of avidity index significantly increase the possibility of etiologic diagnosis of idiopathic ON.

Objective. According to a high risk of complications during and after cataract surgery in patients with degenerative myopia need specific low-traumatic and effective approaches to each of the stages of intervention, as well as measures aimed at timely detection and elimination of risk factors for late postoperative complications. Methods. The experience of 496 phacoemulsifications on myopic eyes (252 patients) is summarized. Patients are divided into three groups: the initial group (86 patients - 164 eyes with degenerative myopia), where during the main intervention microinvasive endovitreal manipulations were performed, comparison group (81 patients - 162 eyes with degenerative myopia), where additional manipulation was not carried out, and control group (85 patients - 170 eyes) with not complicated myopia and senile cataract. Duration of observation is up to two years. Results. Late postoperative complications in the main group were detected in 2.4 % of cases, in the comparison group - in 5.5 % of cases. Among them: Среди них: local retinal separation, formation of epiretinal and neovascular membranes, vitreochorioneti-nal dystrophy. Complications noted in the control group (4.1 %) were explained by age-related changes. Conclusions. Implementation of a complex of low-traumatic intra-operative measures for one session allows not only to reduce the potential risks of late postoperative complications, but also significantly reduce the patient>s psychological trauma from multiple surgical interventions.

Objective. Secondary endothelial-epithelial dystrophy (EED) of the cornea is one of the terrible complications of surgical interventions on the eyeball and severe inflammatory diseases of the cornea. The combined effect of cross-linking of corneal collagen followed by phototherapeutic keratostromectomy allows to be considered pathogenetically justified in the treatment of induced EED. Methods. 36 patients (36 eyes) were observed under observation with III stage of EED. In all patients, the EED developed after cataract extraction using various methods. It corresponded to the third stage of the EED. Of all patients, two observation groups were formed. The first (control) group consisted of 18 people who underwent cross-linking of corneal collagen. In 18 patients in the second (main) group, corneal collagen cross-linking was combined with phototherapeutic keratostromectomy. Results. The timing of completion of epithelization in the control group varied from 7 to 14 days, in the main - from 6 to 10 days. Mean pachymetry values after 1 month in the control group were 754±33 μm and in the main - 647±48 μm. The visual acuity is higher in the patients of the main group. Conclusions. The combination of a krosslinking of corneal collagen and a phototherapeutic keratostromektomiya, is an effective method of treatment of the induced EED of the cornea in the III stage of a disease and renders lasting medical effect as in the early and late postoperative period.

The comparative analysis of treatment results of two groups of children with border stages of retinopathy of prematurity was carried out. The laser coagulation of the avascular zones of retina was run with head ophthalmoscope. In the first group (11 children, 19 eyes), 75 % of the avascular retina area was closed by a standard procedure. In the second group (17 children, 34 eyes) coagulated the entire zone of the avascular retina with scleral depressor. To control the completeness of the 'closure', the retinal camera RetCam III was used. The developed modification of laser coagulation with treatment of 100 % avascular retina with a binocular head ophthalmoscope increased the efficiency of treatment of border stages of retinopathy of prematurity to 91 % (the standard technique proved to be effective in 47.5 % of cases).

Objective. Research of incidence and mortality rates of stroke in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk town for the period 2009-2016. Methods. The research in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk for the years 2009 2016 is conducted on the basis of the population-based register using international MONICA (1985-1995) research protocol. The cases in their acute period were analyzed - first 28 days for the age group 25-74 years Results. Town population was 131, 931 yearly considering annual migration. All 2,619 cases of stroke were registered, 1,589 among women and 1030 among men. The incidence rate in 2009 was 4.43 cases for 1,000 persons (95 % CI, 4.14-4.72) and 3.44 cases in 2016 (95 % CI, 3.2-3.68). The incidence rate among women were 1.87 (95 % CI, 1.7-2.04) and 1.10 (95 % CI, 0.971.23) for the years 2009 and 2016, respectively. Incidence rates in 2016 among men decreased by 34 % and among women by 53 %. We showed the redaction the mortality rate from stroke among men by 60 %. The mortality rate from stroke among women showed fluctuations during the 8-year period without certain dynamic. Conclusion. Reductionthe incidence rate of stroke among men and womenand themortality rate from stroke among men were the results of complex measures for the prevention of stroke. For the effective management of strokes necessary to analyze risk factors taking into account gender.

An analysis of the structure of inflammatory diseases of the anterior segment of the eye was made based on the results of the work of ophthalmologists at the Vladivostok Clinical Diagnostic Center (VCDC) for the period 2011-2017. Inflammatory diseases of the cornea accounted for 11.9 to 20.5 % in the observed period. A decrease in the rate of treatment of patients with keratitis in the outpatient and polyclinic ophthalmology center in 2016-2017, which is associated with the need for numbering directions within the framework of compulsory health insurance. Such restructuring led to an increase in paid applications to 12.7 and 40.3 % in patients with keratitis. A large proportion of the incidence in the last two years was attributable to viral keratitis, prone to recurrent course, and was 72 % and 66.7 %, respectively. Patients with keratitis of various etiologies with ophthalmologists of the VKDC were provided with a full volume of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, ranging from 18.1 to 100 %. Patients with superficial viral keratitis managed to achieve recovery on average for 14.5 days, with deep keratitis - for 25.2 days.

All the activities of the health authorities of the young Soviet state was aimed at improving conditions of work and life, protection and strengthening of health of women and children. The article describes the features of organizing and providing medical care to children, adolescents, women of Primorsky Krai in the period from 1926 to 1945. The materials of the State archive of Primorsky Krai, Central State archive of RSFSR of the Far East, report of the seaside area health services Department of the regional sanitary-epidemiological stations, Maritime statistics, statistical collections of the Russian Federation and the Primorskiy Krai and other sources of literature allow us to trace the development of child health in the region in the prewar period and during the Great Patriotic War.

The article tells about a life journey, scientific and practical career of an outgoing German ophthalmologist Albrecht von Grafe (1828-1870). He described embolism of the retinal artery, optic neuritis and many other pathological processes. Seven years of his scientific work A. Grefe devoted to the study of eye muscles, strabismus and its correction with surgery, the study of amblyopia. Later, he described in detail the symptoms of ocular muscle paralysis and the clinical manifestations of diphtheria and benign renal conjunctivitis, outlined the ways of drug treatment of these diseases. At the first International Ophthalmological Congress in Brussels in 1857 Gref made a report "On the nature and treatment of glaucoma by iridectomy". This operation brought him world fame and saved many patients from blindness. In 1859 Gref proposed a method for peripheral linear extraction of cataracts and invented for this a special long and narrow scalpel, behind which the name Grefevsky was preserved. As time has shown, the basic theoretical and practical positions and discoveries of Albrecht von Grafe still constitute the foundation of our knowledge in ophthalmology.