The paper overviews literature devoted to the female genital prolapse. The average incidence rates among women aged 50 to 80 years vary in the range of 30 to 40 %. The risk of surgical treatment for the female genital prolapse reaches its maximum at the age of 60-70 years. The primary and most thoroughly studied risk factors for the genital prolapses include age, overweight, number of vaginal deliveries, complicated labours, hysterectomy, and connective tissue dysplasia.

The authors present review of foreign literature devoted to the comparative analysis of the methods of treating female genital prolapses and impart results of randomized multicenter clinical trials aimed to estimate efficiency of applying the Perigee, Apogee, Avaulta, Pinnacle, Uphold, Elevate and Prolift implants. Analyzing the incidence rate and the structure of early and late post-surgery complications allows to come to a conclusion that both traditional methods of surgical correction for the genital prolapses and methods of surgical treatment with the synthetic mesh prosthesis and impants made of biomaterials exhibit comparable efficiency.

The patients suffering from mixed urinary incontinence underwent laparoscopic Burch retropubic urethropexy followed by the drug treatment with m-Cholinolytics. The trospium chloride with the daily dose of 30-45 mg was prescribed to 15 patients; the oxybutynin hydrochloride with the daily dose of 10-15 mg was administered to 15 women during the follow-up period of up to 36 months. The comparative analysis of the findings demonstrates the trospium chloride to be safer, given its equal efficacy compared with the oxybutynin hydrochloride.

The authors have been searching for factors of an increased risk of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm known to be its most probable precursor. The authors decided to apply computer-assisted morphometry of the ribosome nucleolar organizer zones in 36 biopsy specimens of the prostate gland with the sites of high-degree prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms. The cancer has not been diagnosed in all cases during re-biopsy of patients with 1 and 2 epithelium hystotypes. The prostate gland cancer has been diagnosed in 7 cases (33%) in patients with 3 and higher epithelium hystotypes. Therefore, when diagnosing high-degree prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms, it is expedient to perform computer-assisted morphometry of the ribosome nucleolar organizer zones that is the most efficient method of predicting the progress of prostate gland cancer.

Based upon 28 follow-ups (women aged 55 to 82 years), the authors have researched into the efficiency of the trospium chloride used to treat overactive bladder syndrome followed by the surgical correction of genital prolapse. The results of urodynamic surveillance confirm this drug to be more efficient in cases of the detrusor hyperactivity. In cases of the overactive bladder syndrome with no detrusor hyperactivity the efficacy of the trospium chloride appears to be less obvious. The authors point to low occurrence and intensity of drug side effects. This allows to conclude that applying the trospium chloride is allowed from the patients’ safety standpoint to treat patients with the overactive bladder syndrome remained after surgical correction of genital prolapses.

The clinical and morphological studies of 144 disease cases allowed identifying that the prostate gland progress is characterized by increasing area of the Ki-67 marker expression, bcl-2 and p53 proteins, decreasing number of cells in the prostate gland known to induce melatonin, and increasing area of the expression of endotheline-1-inducing cells. The benign enlargement of the prostate and high-differentiative prostate cancer are caused by hyperexpression of androgen receptors. The mean- and low-differentiated prostate cancers are characterized by decreasing number of these receptors. The imbalance of the endocrine cells known to induce melatonin and endotheline-1 in the prostate gland can be deemed as androgen-independent factor that regulates the cancer growth. The immunohistochemical testing of Ki-67, bcl-2 and p53 indicators associated with the testing of cells responsible for melatonin and endothe-line-1 induction can be applied to early diagnose the prostate cancer.

The paper analyzes results of treatment of 29 patients with peritonitis occurred upon the completion of abdominal operations. The authors used laparoscopy and traditional relaparotomy in 12 and 17 cases, respectively. The laparoscopy was the final surgical method for treating 9 patients. Three cases of the laparoscopy allowed to identify indications for laparotomy. The lethality rates after the laparoscopies and relaparotomies were 8,3 and 41,3%, respectively. Therefore, the comparative analysis of the results of treatment of patients with the post-operative peritonitis allows to make a conclusion that the laparoscopic abdominal cavity sanitation has considerable advantages compared with the traditional relaparotomy.

Summary - The paper provides results of observations of 28 men aged 31 to 67 years suffering from the erectile dysfunction and urination disorders. The observations comprised of studies of the endocrine profile, in-home urofluometry aimed to estimate symptoms on IPSS, MIEF-5, and QOL scales. The treatment course included phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (sildenafil citrate) administered for the period of 6 weeks as a monotherapy (25 mg per day in the evening), and then long-term treatment with the use of α1 adrenoceptor-blocking agents. The authors point out both restoration of the erectile function and considerable reduction of the urination disorders in all follow-ups. The findings allow to suggest a possibility of applying the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors to eliminate erectile dysfunctions and simultaneous correction of urination disorders.

The paper discusses results of treatment of 51 patients with bronchopleural fistula complicated the course of acute (18) and chronic (33) pleural empyema. The conservative treatment (valvular bronchoblocking associated with lavage and drainage of pleural cavity) appeared to be efficient in 29 cases. Twenty two patients have undergone surgeries, including pleurectomy with lung reduction (6), pleuroectomy with fistula decortication and closure (4), pleuropulmonectomy (4), thoracostomy (1), transpleural occlusion of the fistula of main bronchus with autoskin and synthetic mesh (2) and flap of the great omentum on pedicle (3), and thoracoplasty (2). The lethality rate reached 5,9 % (3 cases). Forty four patients have recovered, and were discharged from the hospital.

The paper studies effects from water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Sweetflag rhizome (WSPS-S) on the functional status of lymphocytes of mice with transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma, given the isolated introduction and in combination with cyclophosphan when testing Vinn tumour cells neutralization. The authors estimate the action of WSPS-S on the intensity of local inflammatory response and activity of macrophages of intact animals in vitro. The course infusion of WSPS-S makes the lymph node cells inhibit growth and dissemination of the tumour. The WSPS-S stimulates considerable inflammation induced by T-helpers type 1 and suppresses inflammation induced by T-helpers type 2. The in vitro effects include five-fold increase of the interleukin-12 production by macrophages with no changes observed with respect to the interleukin-10 production. As concluded, the WSPS-S inhibits growth of the primary tumour node and dissemination due to activation of M1 macrophage phenotype and inflammation change-over to T-helper type 1 immune response.

The paper discusses experimentally investigated role of lipid fraction of a number of biologically active substances derived from the Far Eastern holothurians Eupentacta fraudatrix and Cucumaria japonica in activating bacteriostatic and fungostatic properties, and provides pre-clinical trials of its sensitizing properties. As indicated, the total lipid fraction with the concentration of 5 to 20 mkg/mL is capable of entirely inhibiting the growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis during two days of the in vitro incubation. The lipids with the concentration of 14 to 56 mkg/mL are capable of completely inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans during one day. The authors point out there is no sensitizing powers of the extract at the dose of 6 mg/kg, minor sensitizing activity at the dose of 60 mg/kg and absent skin irritant effects. As a whole, the studies highlight an important role of the lipid fraction derived from the holothurians in producing dermatological effects that appear to be of significance for further practical investigations of the hydrobiont-derived substances.

The authors studied 96 strains of microorganisms educed from 104 out-patients with the pathology of urinary tract infections like cystitis, pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and found out that the species structure of the pathogens caused the urinary tract infections were mostly represented by Escherichia coli. The strains educed from the patients with the chronic urinary tract infections were characterized by low antibiotic sensitivity and plasmids with large molecular weight. The strains educed from the patients with the acute infection were characterized by high antibiotic sensitivity and plasmids with low molecular weight.

The authors have examined 38 children infected with Kochs bacillus (latent tuberculosis infection), 26 children suffering from the tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes and 32 healthy children (control group) aged 4 to 7 years. The questioning and printing-out of medical data allowed reliably identifying epidemiological and social risk factors for the tuberculosis and justifying a necessity to observe children with latent tuberculosis infection at the medical and social department of childrens out-patient centres.

The authors studied production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in 53 patients with first diagnosed uveitis. The blood serum of these patients was characterized by increased concentrations of interleukins 1α, 6, 10 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The acute uveitis with the favourable outcome had the levels of the interleukin 1α and tumour necrosis factor-α increased, while the patients with the chronic process, when first admitted to the hospital, had the indices of interleukins 6 and 10 (2.8 and 2.9 times increase, respectively).

The authors have observed 99 patients (68 men and 31 women) aged 16 to 67 years undergone planned standard surgeries for nose and paranasal sinus diseases under the conditions of general combined anaesthesia, applying nitrous oxide and fentanyl. The aesthetic hazard according to the ASA scale was I-III. Applying non-parametric methods of analysis allowed to identify ties between the type of experimental intervention, occurrence of the post-operative sickliness and vomiting syndrome and degree of the patients’ subjective sensation of this complication. The risk for the post-operative sickliness and vomiting syndrome was calculated using the Tramer scale. As indicated, the combined intravenous 4 mg of dexamethasone and 1,25 mg of droperidol administered before the induction of anaesthesia contributed to a reduction of occurrence of the post-operative sickliness and vomiting syndrome, compared to that of the control group by 11,6-59%, including sickliness (by 14,5-57,7%) and vomiting (9,6-55,1%). Besides, this method resulted in more reliable subjective estimation of this complication.

The simulated alimentary hypercholesterolemia in mice allowed to study effects from dietary supplement ‘Maristim’ being a natural product made of the sea urchin roe on the indices of lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms and activity of aminotransferase. There was a capability of this medication under the conditions of atherogenic load to decrease the level of the total cholesterol, increase the relative content of the high-density lipoproteins, and ensure the lowering of the atherogenic ratio and glucose level in blood. The findings open up promising prospects to apply this dietary supplement for preventing diseases associated with disorders in the lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms.

The authors have studied autopsy- and surgery-derived materials from 156 embryos and people aged 4 weeks of intrauterine growth to 85 years. Applying immunohistochemical methods allows to find out that the human vitreous humour is represented by a specific type of shaped fibrous tissue. The cell component is comprised of various by origin and functional capabilities programmed differentiations. The intercellular substance has an argentophilic originally organized fibrillous frame submerged in the primary substance, the gel state of which is obtained due to the high concentration of dissolved collagen and hyaluronic acid.

The paper discusses analysis of treatment of 199 patients with acute tumour-induced colonic obstruction undergone surgeries by two different methods: with preliminary transtumor stenting and without it. As reported, it is expedient to perform single-step radical surgeries with primary anastomosis in 7 to 14 days after stopping obstruction by means of transtumor stenting, given that some conditions are observed. The authors suggest an original algorithm of surgical tactics.

The authors present results of retrospective pharma-coepidemiological studies conducted in Primorsky Krai and analysis of 703 cases of drug therapy for pregnant women. The drug treatment appeared to be required most often during the first trimester of pregnancy. The average quantity of drugs administered to one woman was about 3.0±0.2. The anti-infectious drugs were prescribed most often (60.2 %), then followed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (13.9 %), drugs for central neural system (9,8%), sex hormones and their antagonists (9.7 %), systemic glucocorticosteroids (6.3 %), drugs for respiration diseases (4.0 %), vaccines (4.6 %), and antihypertensive drugs (1.1 %). 41.8 % of these drugs represented a risk for fetus.

Based upon the constitutional types (introverts, extraverts and centroverts), the authors analyze the population mass of children (890 persons) aged 9 to 12 years and identify statistically significant differences in the vegetative reactivity, physical development and somatic pathology structure. On authors’ opinion, these differences are of a systemic character and determine a need to adequately organize prevention of the constitutionally-derived diseases and develop differentiated programmes of sanitation and rehabilitation of children with minor medical problems.

The authors have studied 5 and 10-year survival of 430 patients with primary skin melanoma undergone treatment in the oncological departments of the Khabarovsk Krai in 1990-2003. The most unfavourable prognosis appeared to occur for men with the tumours localized on the head and neck and both sexes in case of foot skin lesions. There was a large number of ulcerated melanoma. The ulceration rate directly correlated to the extent of primary tumour dissemination, and was an important universal prognostic factor. Given the ulceration, it considerably worsened the situation. The occurrence of de novo tumours and melanomas in the Khabarovsk Krai was approximately equal. In case of de novo melanoma, the prognosis for the disease was more unfavourable. This factor was more evident with respect to women.

The paper provides results of social-hygienic study of risk factors for the arterial hypertension in pregnant women, describes indicators for this risk, suggests changes in the existing system of rendering treatment and diagnostic aid and rehabilitation for women with the arterial hypertension. As a result of scientific experiment, the total index of the maternal lethality reached 18.8 per 100 000 children born alive. The infant and the perinatal mortality in the Oblast was 7.8 % and 9.3 %, respectively. There was a decrease in the infant mortality among the infants of up to 1 year age caused by peculiarities of the female perinatal period and associated with the arterial hypertension.

The paper describes two cases of the tuberculosis-induced lesions in the prostate in patients aged 27 and 55 years. The disease was diagnosed after three and 15 years of unsuccessful treatment of mistakenly diagnosed non-infectious diseases of the prostate. The authors highlight the necessity to exclude tuberculosis in patients with chronic urological diseases and implementation of orders concerning detection of patients suffering from tuberculosis developed by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and phtisiatric service of the Primorsky Krai.

In 2007, the specialists of the urinogenital tuberculosis department of the Primorsky Regional TB Dispensary operated two cases of combined tuberculosis and tumour-induced lesions of the urinogenital system. The first one was combined lesion of bladder, the latter - that of the prostate. As indicated in the foreign and Russian literature, there is no evident statistic data about occurrence of these lesions. Therefore, the timely diagnosed oncologic pathology allowed to carry out radical surgery with favourable outcome. The difficulties of diagnosing these lesions of the urinogenital system in the specialized departments point out the need to pay attention to oncologic alarm.

The paper provides observation from the practice of the Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathia, retrognathia, uraniscochasma, and glossoptosis) in a newborn. In spite of the remoteness from the plastic maxillo-facial surgery centres, the doctors have succeeded in performing glossopeksia by Argomaso that made it possible to carry out transportation of the patient to the Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital. The planned hospitalization for palatoplasty at the age of 1 year 2 months is recommended.

The authors analyze results of 197 cholecystectomies. The intra-abdominal bile spillage during the post-operative period occurred in 31 cases (15,7%). The bile spilled in the abdominal cavity of 16 patients. With the papillosphincterotomy and common bile duct stenting completed, the bile spillage stopped in 12 cases. Eight patients underwent laparoscopic surgeries. The open ones were performed on 11 patients.

Applying magnetic resonance imaging allowed to study dynamics of the severe cerebral injuries in 30 rats and identify that the volume of intracerebral hematoma had maximum value during the first hour after the injury, and then gradually decreased. The cerebral edema was increasing during 24 hours, then remained unchanged and began lowering in 3 days. The authors provide mathematical model intended to describe dynamics of post-traumatic processes in the rats’ brain and substantiate a possibility to apply magnetic resonance imaging in the early period of the cerebral injuries.

Based upon 120 case follow-ups, the authors estimate efficiency of applying lectin immunoenzymometric method intended for differential diagnostics of benign and malignant neoplasms of uterine cervix, and analyze contents of lectin-related embryonic cancer and embryo-like cancer antigens in vaginal secretion. With this end in view, the authors use mannan-binding lectin of the Far-eastern sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus to identify statistically reliable differences between the levels of lectin-binding antigens between healthy women and patients with cervical cancer, and between patients with benign and malignant neoplasms. The method sensitivity and specificity are 93.6 and 87.8%, respectively, given the cut-off level of 12.74 ng/ml. With all this in view, this method has more advantages compared to those associated with determining of concentration of embryonic cancer antigen and squamous cell carcinoma antigen in blood serum.