The Faculty of Dentistry of Pacific State Medical University will celebrate its 20^th anniversary in 2020. Over the years of its existence, the Faculty has trained more than a thousand of dentists who successfully work in Russia. The article covers the key milestones of formation of dental education in Vladivostok as well as a portrait of a dynamically developing modern educational space that provides training for highly qualified young professionals.

A feature of periodontal anatomy, in which the proximity of the roots of the teeth to the cortical plates or the sections of the roots of the teeth is determined and that are not included in the bone tissue, contributes to the onset of gum recession or its progression during or after orthodontic treatment. When teeth move towards the cortical plate, it can be destroyed. At the same time, teeth moving towards the center of alveolar ridge often causes the formation of bone tissue from the vestibular side that contributes to the improvement of fixing ability of the periodontium. In case when oral vestibular size of the roots of the teeth exceeds the volume of periodontal tissues, orthodontists use treatment methods that contribute to creating space within the dentition without changing its size: grinding of approximate surfaces and selective extraction of teeth. Knowing and considering periodontal biotypes, clinicians can predict the course of treatment, apply appropriate methods of orthodontic benefits to minimize alveolar resorption and ensure favorable results.

The review covering modern concepts of the influence of underactive thyroid on dental health of elderly patients. According to WHO, today about 600 million of population are people over 60 years old. By the beginning of 2021, according to the Federal State Statistics Service estimates, the ratio of people of working age out of total population will increase up to 27 %. High prevalence of dental diseases among elderly population is primarily caused by the fact that both physiological and pathological changes occur in the maxillofacial system with age. Disease of thyroid dominates among endocrine diseases. Elderly people are one of the most difficult to diagnose groups of patients with hypothyroidism. There is enough data on the presence and characteristics of the course of dental diseases in both the elderly and patients with hypothyroidism. However, the features of diseases of the hard tissues of teeth in elderly patients with hypothyroidism are not adequately addressed in the available literature. Thus, this issue requires further study.

A review of national and international publications on autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Problems of etiology and clinical manifestations of ASD are considered including morphological and functional changes in maxillofacial region affected by it. The review describes in detail problems that children with this pathology and their parents face when searching and visiting a dentist. Particular attention is paid to the preparation for the dental appointment of such children, as well as recommendations are described for dentists who treat children suffering from ASD.

Objective: The study objective is to establish the features of patient adaptation during orthopedic rehabilitation on the basis of assessing the quality of life and the degree of fixation of removable plate prostheses. Methods: 64 patients with complete absence of teeth were examined (the 1^st group – 32 people with a prosthesis life of up to one year, the 2^nd group – 32 people with a prosthesis wearing duration of one to two years). The quality of life and the effectiveness of orthopedic rehabilitation were determined using the index of fixation of a removable prosthesis. Results: After treatment, an improvement in the quality of life was observed in patients of both groups. Differences in quantitative estimates of the criteria for prosthesis fixation in patients with different lengths of wearing were established. Conclusions: The presented data indicates an improvement in the quality of life and the degree of fixation of complete removable laminar dentures after orthopedic treatment.

Objective: Analysis of surface-active substances (SAS) effect on cleaning properties of toothpastes and remineralizing potential of saliva. Methods: We have assessed clinical indices as well as biochemical and microbiological parameters of oral fluid when using toothpastes with and without SAS. Results: Statistically significant changes when using various toothpastes by the 28th day were registered only for simplified oral hygiene index. The presence of SAS in the composition of toothpastes did not affect the total number of microorganisms in the composition of dental plaque (in the change in the number of individual species). There were no significant differences in the saturation of the oral fluid with Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3– ions. Conclusions: SAS (sodium lauryl sarcosinate) using in toothpastes composition has a significant effect on cleaning properties of oral hygiene products while not having a special effect on the mineralizing potential of saliva.

Objective: Assessment of gas and electrolytic composition of venous blood in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in relation to basic parameters of functional state of kidneys. Methods: 60 patients with COPD were divided into low and high exacerbation risk groups and were examined. Standard examinations were carried out; electrolytic and gas composition of venous blood and kidney functions were assessed. Results: Patients with high risk of COPD exacerbation demonstrated symptoms of respiratory failure, hyperchloremia, higher levels of potassium and albuminuria; there was a relationship between albuminuria and oximetric parameters. A significant dependence between glomerular filtration rate and COPD exacerbation rate was not detected, but there was its relationship with the smoking index, the result of the CAT questionnaire, Gensler index, instantaneous expiratory flow rate, lung capacity and peak expiratory flow rate were recorded. Conclusions: COPD is often characterized by combination of gas and electrolytic composition imbalance of venous blood and renal dysfunction. With a high risk of exacerbations, signs of respiratory failure, hyperchloremia, higher levels of potassium and albuminuria are more often observed. The relationship between daily albuminuria and oximetric parameters, glomerular filtration rate and partial blood oxygen tension, found in people at high risk of COPD exacerbation may indicate the need for correction of blood gas composition to prevent renal dysfunction.

Objective: Analysis of vitamin D effect on the course of caries process in children of Khabarovsk territory. Methods: 785 children aged 3–8 years were examined. The prevalence, intensity of caries of temporary teeth and oral hygiene were calculated. The concentration of calcium and alkaline phosphatase was determined in the oral fluid; calcium and vitamin 25(OH)D were determined in the blood serum. Results: An inverse correlation between the degree of activity of dental caries and the concentration of vitamin D in blood serum (r = –0.93) was determined. Deficiency of vitamin D and ionized calcium was detected in blood serum as well as reduction of calcium and alkaline phosphatase in oral fluid. Conclusions: Making a plan of preventive care and treatment of caries of temporary teeth in children, it is necessary to consider dental health, caries activity and general diseases taking into account the effect of vitamin D on the mineral exchange.

Objective: Analysis of orthopedic dental morbidity of elderly and senile people to improve the quality of their lives and social adaptation in modern society. Methods: An observational longitudinal prospective study with a double survey of 1000 respondents using the OHIP 14 questionnaire. Results: The presence of a denture defect had a significant impact on the quality of life of elderly and senile persons. A type of the defect was not significant. Conclusions: The study of dental morbidity can be a sustainable basis for correcting the quality of life of the elderly and senile persons in order to increase social life expectancy.

Objective: A comparative analysis of microbial landscape of gingival sulcus covered with crowns of various materials. Methods: 51 patients, having used crowns of various materials for 3–6 months, were examined. Smears were prepared from gingival crevicular fluid which were stained according to Romanowsky–Giemsa. Results: Patients with swaged crowns demonstrated a high concentration of neutrophils in gingival crevicular fluid and plentiful mixed microbial and fungal flora. Wearing solid crowns, the number of neutrophils was moderate in smears, flora was scanty, locally moderate. Gingival crevicular fluid from teeth with ceramic-metal crowns contained single neutrophils and scanty flora. Patients with all-ceramic crowns demonstrated only single leukocytes and epithelial cells. Conclusions: The material of artificial crowns, the method of their preparation and, as a result, the accuracy of the marginal fit play a paramount role in the formation of the microbiocenosis of the gingival sulcus and the oral cavity as a whole. Swaged crowns intensively affect the microbiocenosis of the gingival sulcus, the effect of cast and ceramic-metal crowns is less pronounced, zirconia crowns have a minimal effect.

Objective: Analysis of correlation between statherin concentration in saliva and oral cavity diseases. Methods: 134 patients aged 18–42 years were examined including 54 patients with caries and periodontitis and 80 patients without oral cavity diseases (control group). The concentration of statherin in saliva was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For statistical processing, the criteria of Shapiro–Wilk, Kraskel–Wallis, Mann–Whitney were used. The data are presented as the median, lower and upper quartiles in the format Me (Q₁-Q₃). Results: The average content of statherin in saliva in patients with an oral pathology was 13.4 (4.6–32) mmol/L, and in healthy saliva, it was 3.5 (2.9–7.3) mmol/L. Moreover, the control group demonstrated samples (9 %) in which statherin was absent. Conclusions: The presence of high concentrations of statherin in the oral fluid can be considered as a sign of an oral cavity disease.

Objective: Designing effective interdisciplinary scheme for the diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods: 76 patients with complaints of pain, discomfort and constraint in masticatory muscles and TMJ, and headache were examined. When diagnosing, testing was carried out according to the Hamburg Protocol; according to its results three study groups were formed. Results: With minor initial functional changes in the muscles (group 1), splint therapy is sufficient to achieve the clinical effect. In more severe cases (2 nd and 3 rd groups), the use of transcranial electrical stimulation is effective, and muscle relaxants should be prescribed only if the latter is ineffective. Conclusions: An optimal differentiated scheme of interdisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of patients with functional TMJ disorders has been developed: an express examination according to the Hamburg Protocol determines the severity of the pathology, and electromyography is used not only as a diagnostic, but also as an evaluation criterion for the effectiveness of interdisciplinary rehabilitation at the intermediate and final stages.

Objective: To substantiate a possibility for modification of inflammation process in thermal burns of stage II using nanoparticles of silver and proteinase inhibitors. Methods: The experiment included 30 mature Wistar male rats. After a thermal burn simualtion, 10 animals were locally applied with a water-soluble composition of silver nanoparticles in a sodium alginate matrix, 10 – with a combination of a water-soluble composition of nanosilver and aprotinin (another 10 rats were control). After 7 days, animals were withdrawn from the experiment and were run histological and immunohistochemical examination of the skin in the burn area. Results: The maximum effect of combined wound therapy with a water-soluble composition of silver nanoparticles in a matrix of sodium alginate with a proteinase inhibitor (aprotinin), which contributed to the activation of regenerative processes, was revealed. Conclusions: The effect of combined therapy is related to an improvement in the balance of proliferation and apoptosis in a burn wound as well as with a specific stimulation of the inflammatory response. This local therapy for burns can be considered pathogenically justified and promising.

Objective: To calculate the rate of various states and inflammatory diseases among dental patients and to determine risk factors for periodontitis according to the new international classification. Methods: 64 patients aged from 21 to 65 years were examined. The main inclusion criterion was the absence of complaints of periodontal lesions. Dental formula, occlusion, condition of gums and soft tissues of the oral vestibule, the presence of dental plaque, indicators of oral hygiene, bleeding of the gums, loss of periodontal attachment were evaluated. Results: Healthy periodontium was detected in 29.7 % of cases (19 people); healthy reduced periodontium – in 10.9 % of cases (7 people); chronic gingivitis was diagnosed in 15.6 % of patients (10 people); and progressive periodontitis – in 43.8 % of patients (28 people). Conclusions: Healthy periodontium was diagnosed in people of young age without systemic pathologies; healthy reduced periodontium was detected in people of young and middle age who did not have severe systemic diseases and occlusion pathologies.

Objective: The study objective is to analyze optic properties and components of extracts from the fruits of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) compared with other species and the assessment of the possibility of using numerical indicators of absorption spectra as herbal medicinal products tests. Methods: We used extracts from flowers and fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus sanguinea and Crataegus maximowiczii. Carotenoids, the content and stability of anthocyanins were determined spectrophotometrically, and the results were statistically processed using the small sample technique. Extracts prepared under various conditions were compared by numerical indicators of the absorption spectra using the nonparametric Z-sign test. Results: Crataegus pinnatifida significantly exceeds Crataegus sanguinea in anthocyanins concentration and stability, and coincides with it in carotenoids concentration. Variations in the extraction conditions are accompanied by changes in the numerical indicators of the absorption spectra. Conclusions: The presented data gives reason to consider Crataegus pinnatifida growing in Primorskiy territory to be a promising raw material for herbal medicinal products production. The set of numerical indicators of the absorption spectra can be used as tests of extracts from plants.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of gel coating on various surfaces in the treatment of chronic generalized slight periodontitis. Methods: 27 patients with chronic slight periodontitis were examined. After the curettage of periodontal pockets, 14 patients (the 1^st group) were applied a poviargol-based gel coating on the gum and 13 patients (the 2^nd group) were applied a gel based on sodium hyaluronate with chlorhexidine. Periodontal status was assessed before treatment on the 3^rd and 7^th day after curettage: dental indices, the depth of periodontal pockets, and tooth mobility were determined. Results: The oral hygiene parameters significantly improved in all patients. On the 3^rd day after curettage, inflammation significantly decreased, and by the 7^th day they disappeared in both observation groups. Conclusions: Gel adhesive coatings can be a successful alternative to traditional treatment dressings in the treatment of periodontitis. They have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects, and are also characterized by the absence of toxic and locally irritating effects.

The prevalence of dentofacial abnormalities exceeds 50% among adult population. The patients with a combination of gum recession and dentoalveolar anomalies are allocated in a separate group. A treatment design in patients with mucogingival complications of orthodontic treatment presents a challenge due to the lack of consensus and guidelines. Two clinical cases of gum recession, having occurred at the stages of orthodontic treatment, are presented. Recommendation on prevention of mucogingival complications of orthodontic treatment were given.

An important point in dental implantation is considered to be the preparatory stage, which includes the elimination of foci of chronic infection in the oral cavity and the entire maxillofacial region as well as in the nasal cavity and sinuses. The article covers the clinical features of preparation for sinus lifting, compares the methods of rehabilitation of the maxillary sinuses.

Objective: Assessment of the quality of root canal obstruction by the method of cold high-flowing gutta-percha in comparison with standard methods of filling. Methods: In vitro experiment on 60 extracted teeth with one root canal. In 20 teeth, the canals were obturated by lateral condensation of gutta-percha, in 20 – by a central conical pin, and in another 20 – fluid cold gutta-percha with a gutta-percha pin. Visiography was performed, then after polymerization of the sealer, the root was sawn in the transverse direction and the quality of the filling was evaluated using digital microscopy. Results: In the first two groups, satisfactory results were obtained with a homogeneous filling of the lumen of the root canal. In the third group, unsatisfactory results were obtained in 65 % of cases: lack of sealer in the middle and apical parts of the canal, filling defects. Conclusions: The technique of lateral condensation of gutta-percha and the method of filling with a conical central pin with a polymer endo sealer significantly exceed the quality of filling cold high-flowing gutta-percha.

Objective: Standardization of microcrystallization method as a basis for studying saliva parameters affected by various factors. Methods: An improvement of the oral fluid crystallography technique is proposed. 108 children aged 7–12 years were examined. The prevalence and intensity of caries, the degree of activity and growth of caries, and the simplified hygiene index were determined. Mixed saliva samples were taken according to a standardized microcrystallography technique in its own modification. Results: The proportion of high-quality samples of droplets and facies of saliva as a whole was 98 %. During orthodontic treatment, changes in the state of the oral cavity and oral fluid were revealed: a deterioration in the level of hygiene in children with removable orthodontic equipment with an increase in the frequency of occurrence of types II and III saliva microcrystallization (SMC) was almost doubled. After orthodontic treatment, there was a recovery of hygienic parameters and the recorded frequency of I type SMC was increased. Conclusions: A change in the type of SMC depends on a number of factors: oral hygiene, the degree of caries activity and the presence of its progression. A significant increase in the frequency of registration of type III SMC during orthodontic treatment demonstrates a higher likelihood of occurrence and the decompensated nature of the carious process, increases the risk of inflammatory and allergic reactions from the tissues of the oral cavity.

Objective: Analysis of physicomechanical, sanitary-chemical and toxicological properties of domestic production polymethylmethacrylate "Dacryl-81". Methods: Samples of the “Dacryl-81” thermoplastic polymer were tested in accordance with GOST 31572–2012 (ISO 1567:1999) and GOST ISO 10993. Results: The studied material complies with all sanitary and chemical standards applicable in medical dentistry and has sufficient strength characteristics. Conclusions: Thermoplastic polymer "Dacryl-81" can be used as a material for the manufacture of bases for removable dentures.

Objective: The assessment of health state and occupational health risk to employees of the test laboratory center (TLC) of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). Methods: The main group included 263 employees of TLC, the comparison group included 60 administrative managers of Rospotrebnadzor. Data on morbidity with temporary disability were analyzed for 2015–2017. The technique of N.V. Dogle and A.Ya. Yurkevich (1984), and guidelines of V.Z. Kucherenko (2004) were used. The assessment of the degree of industrial conditionality of health disorders was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of P 2.2.1766–03 “Guidelines for assessing occupational health risks for workers. Organizational and methodological foundations, principles and evaluation criteria.” Results: The average incidence rate was revealed among employees of the department of sanitary-hygienic laboratory research and the microbiological laboratory. It is proved that respiratory diseases in TLC employees are of occupational nature. Priority occupational factors affecting the incidence rate were identified (occupation, employment experience in the same occupation, harmful working conditions by chemical factor, harmful working conditions by biological factor). Conclusions: The results of assessing the health state and occupational health risks to employees of the main structural divisions of the TLC are consistent with previously obtained data on the harmful conditions of their work and serve as the basis for the scientific justification, development and practical implementation of a set of priority preventive measures.

A clinical case of pathological state of oral cavity caused by B₁₂ deficiency is presented. The patient (25 y.o.) was diagnosed with atrophy of the oral mucosa (Hunter glossitis), hyperchromic microcytic anemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and atrophic antral gastritis. A course of injections of cyanocobalamin was prescribed. At the control examination after three months, laboratory and clinical symptoms of disease relapse were not detected.

A clinical case of the closure of donor site after after taking a mucosal-periosteal graft in the palate using a membrane made of fibrin is presented. This made it possible to achieve good hemostasis immediately after surgery, complete closure of the donor site and early epithelization.

Two clinical cases of successful thrombus extraction in patients of 64 and 67 years old with acute ischemic strokes due to occlusion of large intra- and extracranial arteries are presented.

The main milestones of life and scientific work of Professor M.I. Avdeeva (1901–1978) are presented. M.I. Avdeev published over 100 works on forensic medical examination, among which there are textbooks, guidelines and manuals for doctors and lawyers. His textbook for law schools has got five editions and was translated into other languages. He wrote Manual on Forensic Medicine for Military Lawyers and Doctors (1943), Guidelines for Determining the Severity of Bodily Harm. A number of monographs and collections on forensic science were published edited by M.I. Avdeev. On his initiative, the wording of some articles of the RSFSR Criminal Code was clarified. M.I. Avdeev for a long time has served as chairman of the board of Moscow and deputy chairman of the All-Union Scientific Societies of Forensic Physicians, was an honorary member of the Italian Society of Forensic and Insurance Medicine. M.I. Avdeev is a participant in the preparation of national encyclopedias. As time has shown, the basic theoretical and practical statements and discoveries of the scientist still form the basis of our knowledge in fundamental forensic medicine.