The article provides a brief history of the study of the autonomic nervous system and the results of many years research of PA. Motavkin and his students, which allowed defining the brain and intramedullary divisions of the autonomic nervous system, referred to it paravasal nerve ganglia and nerve cells, which form functional connections with blood vessels and spinal cord ependymal shell. It is proved that in the brain department of the autonomic nervous system innervates intra-organs blood vessels, paravasal connective tissue, glial and ependymal membrane shell. Intramedullary department within a nervous apparatus of main cerebral vessels is a single unit that can be considered as the departments with a common organization. The concept is analyzed, developed by the authors of the article, according to which the mediators of sym- pathetic nervous system, norepinephrine and epinephrine, which have antioxidant and antiradical properties, protect blood vessels from damage caused by violations of the cycle of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radicals and the formation of highly toxic and reactive nitrogen dioxide.

The article with the historical positions presented from the segmental to the neural structure of the gray matter of the spinal cord in humans and animals. Provides contradictory information about the topography of the nuclei of the autonomic nervous system, sensory and motor nuclei of the gray matter of the spinal cord, commissural, projection and intrinzitny (not comissural, not projection) interneurons. Expands upon the topography of the lamines Rexed, criteria for identification of their cellular composition, orientation processes of the nerve cells, neurochemical characterization of the neuropile. Special attention is paid to the description of the diversity of neurons by shape, size, orientation processes, which are combined in the nucleus and lamines; similarity of the neurons that have the same function. At the same time, shown that neurons of the same shape and topography can perform various functions. Morphological studies are needed to identify groups of neurons that form functional clusters, modules, macro - and microneurons network.

Over the last years, concerted efforts have helped to uncover and understand the basic mechanisms of periadventitial regulation of arterial tone by perivascular adipose tissue. Basically, perivascular adipose tissue serves as source for “Adipocyte-derived relaxing factor” (ADRF), an essential player in the control of vascular tone of visceral and other arteries. Importantly, its disturbed local, paracrine activity is able to cause vascular dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a putative candidate for ADRF, which has received increased attention. The importance of this and other candidates for periadventitial vasoregulation has been recently explored in rodent models of obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Pharmacological tools have been successfully used to clarify the role of potassium channels involved in these conditions. Vasoactive factors of adipocytes or their receptors could represent targets for the development of novel cardiovascular drugs.

This brief review article summarizes the results of the studies of the nitric oxide component of the central nervous system (CNS) of bivalve mollusks obtained by using aldehyde-resistant NADPH-dependent diaphorase (NADPH-d) as a marker for NO-syntase. The data are given on the influence of several environmental stress factors (hyperthermia, hypoxia and anthropogenic pollution) on the topography and quantitative characteristics of NADPH-d-positive neurons and activity of NADPH-d (determined as an optical density of formazan precipitate in the cells) in the CNS of bivalve mollusks, as well as on the neuron ultrastructure, synaptic plasticity and subcellular localization of NADPH-d.

It is discussed topical issues of the organization of neural ensembles implementing the basic functions of the tentorium. On the basis of literature data and own research of the author the position substantiates according to which the actual existence of the cerebellar cortex has functional modules coordinates and their morphological contours determined by the core of the exciting influence of afferent fibers and local interneuron connections. The dynamic characteristics of the modules are considered by the example of the formation of ergic compartments of neurons and parasagittal corticonuclear microcomplexes of the tentorium; it is suggested the generalized scheme of these communications.

The article discusses the significance of basic research on neurohistology, made by a team of scientists under the leadership of P.A. Motavkin, for forensic practice. The laws revealed in the study of vasomotor innervation used to solve such important problems of forensic medical examination, as the establishment of a specific accessory of material evidence of their biological origin, to establish the time of death, and the lifetime of limitations of spinal cord injury, the establishment of the age interval with identification.

The review compares the current data on neurogenesis in the mammalian brain and understanding of the process in fish, reptiles, amphibians and birds. In the course of studying the molecular and cellular long-lived features of neuronal precursor cells, defined for each class, we obtained evidence that adult neuronal progenitor cells non-mammalian vertebrates are equivalent in its properties mammalian stem cells. These observations raise the fundamental question of why neurogenesis is present in some species and is absent in others. Discussions on the subject, brings together consideration of internal and external factors that enhance or hinder brain plasticity and the way in which it changes throughout life in different animal species.

The review summarizes the literature data and the results of our studies of the role of substance P in the development of cerebral dysfunction associated with smoking. We described the pathophysiological aspects of exposure to tobacco smoke in the structure of the brain mediated by substance P and neurokinin receptors. It is substantiates the position of the link between enhanced release of substance P, neurokinin receptor activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the development of neurogenic inflammation, resulting in damage to the blood-brain barrier, neuronal and glial cells of the brain. Cytokines, stimulating afferent nerve fibers, on the feedback principle cause the release of new portions of substance P, forming and maintaining the vicious circle of inflammation, thereby exacerbating the increasing cerebral dysfunction.

Reparative regeneration is the process of restoration of the lost cells and their interactions with the nearest microenvironment. The article provides the analysis of literature data and own researches of the author on the regenerative potential of injured mucosa of the maxillary sinus in humans and animals. It was examined the regulatory mechanisms of reparative regeneration, as well as the importance of nitric oxide and other trophic factors in maintaining the cytoprotective effects of second messengers. It is emphasizes the leading role of nitric oxide in the potentiation of apoptosis in damaged and newly formed cells of the mucous membrane, as well as summarizes the pharmacological correction of the exposure.

The review provides the material evidence of the active role of capillaries in the circulatory regulation. The endothelium plays an important role in the blood-brain barrier permeability primarily by the release of chemical messengers that influence both on endothelial cells, pericytes and astroglia, and noncellular components on capillaries. The mechanisms that regulate the dynamic balance between these components are diverse, complex and not fully understood, but it is already clear that they all have the potential to participate in the management functions of the capillaries

The study had 3 stages: 1) the study of human SC migration processes to cells of malignant tumors in vitro; 2) comparison of cellular proteomes of some SC including tumor SC; 3) study of SC migration in vivo. It was used modern cellular and post-genomic technologies. Results. Neural SC had a higher mobility as compared to the multipotent mesenchymal SC and fibroblasts. We received the data on a sufficiently high affinity tumor glioblastoma SC and normal SC. Administration of mesenchymal SC labeled with fluorochrome to animals with glioma showed that the maximum number of these cells (57,6±8,9 %) was recorded in the brain. Conclusions. The transplantation of SC is the one of the main directions in the treatment of cancer due to high capacity of a cell transplant to find the damage zone. Among all the cells of glioblastoma, tumor SC have the best ability to attract normal SC. Critical differences of cellular proteomes allows considering the mesenchymal SC as the best tool for influencing tumor glioblastoma SC.

The work was carried out on Wistar rats. The reaction of microcirculatory vessels to the laser irradiation was performed in the condition of an ‘open window’. Together with the method of laser Doppler flowmetry we studied the state of tissue blood flow in the cortical area of the brain. Low-intensity laser irradiation at a dose of 3 and 6 J/cm² was carried out in the red and infrared spectral ranges. Results. Low-intensity laser irradiation of blood vessels of the pia mater at a dose of 3 J/cm² has a stimulating effect on the microcirculation. The response was dose-dependent up to the threshold limit reactivity. Most sensitive to laser irradiation were the smallest pre-cortical arterioles, which are the final link of multiple branching pial vessels. The high reactivity of the pial microcirculatory vessels was found out in newborn and young animals, and its decline - in mature rats. Increasing the dose of laser irradiation to 6 J/cm² led to a drop in blood flow and the appearance of signs of microcirculation disorders. Conclusions. Within the therapeutic doses the laser irradiation has a photo stimulating effect on cerebral blood flow.

We studied the brain 5-, 14- and 30-day-old rats from the artificially reduced after a day birth of litters. Control rats were from intact litters. On the basis of morphometry we analyzed the brain mass and degree of development of its cortex, the state of neurons and the intensity of enzymatic reactions. Results. Animals of all age groups from small litters differed significantly by increased body weight, significantly greater than in the controls, and the mass of the brain hemispheres. Relative brain weight in rats of the experimental group was lower than in controls. Experimental animals had a range of morphological features to accelerate the maturation of the cerebral cortex. Conclusions. Experimental animals had an important sign of acceleration - a significant advance rate of body weight increase. Differences from control brain morphometric and histochemical parameters can be regarded as evidence of intensification of intramitochondrial and extramitochondrial biological oxidation. As they grow older early developed animals, a part of the differences of early life stages, reflecting both the level of brain ontogeny and functional state of neurons is negated.

Education temporary (provisional) of the tissue in the process of reparative histogenesis is typical for bodies formed on the basis of full differones. The incomplete recovery of differones nervous tissue requires further study. Methods. We conducted an experimental study on sexually mature white rats (n=50), the embryos (n=5) and neonatal (n=5). After acute ischemia was studied structural and functional recovery of the nervous tissue of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, ventrobasal thalamus and spinal cord. The actual material obtained during light microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl) and electron microscopic study of brain dynamics in post-ischemic period. Results. Found that after ischemia, formed a special provisional substrate, “mobilized” to restore lost functions. It is characterized increased information capacity of the neural network - the excess plastic structural elements (immature, mature contacts, small spikes). Conclusions. The study made it possible to extend the principle of provisional on incomplete differones was found and examine the temporary substrate as a “tool” for ensuring the execution of essential functions in damaged by ischemia of the brain.

We have studied the III³ sublayer in the speech-motor area 44 and the integrative area 10 of the frontal region of the cortex of the 119 left cerebral hemispheres in patients of both sexes from birth to 20 years old. Histologic material was Nissl-stained with cresyle violet, and also Peters-stained with alternate argentic nitrate, and with Golgi method. The analysis of virtual images of neurons, fibers, gliacytes, and blood vessels was conducted with the program Image-Tools and stereometric method. Results. In postnatal ontogenesis in brain cortical formations on the growth and development associated changes took place in the specific volume of the main microstructural components, leading not only to a change in the structural organization of higher cortical brain formations, but also to the transformation of their natural histophysiology. The most significant changes in the opercular area were observed during the first year, as well as by 3, 5, 8 and 11 years. In anterolateral prefrontal cortex they were observed in the first year of life, in 3-6 years, and also in 9-10 and 12-13 years. Conclusions. It was detected the differences of postnatal changes in structures directly involved into information activity, as well as the entities that regulate trophic and metabolic processes in the cortex. It is showed the heterochrony and zonal differences in the rate and timing of the formation of the microstructure and histophysiology frontal cortex at different stages of postnatal ontogeny associated with advancing development opercular area.

The study objective is to identify the structural patterns of central nervous system lesions in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods. It have been studied the results of autopsies of 12 women 44-56 years old, suffering from SSc. We used a set of neurohisto-logical and morphometric methods. Results. Different morphological changes were registered in all the structures of the central nervous system: sheaths, vessels, glial tissue, neurons and nerve fibers. The degree of their severity, topography, and extent depended on the severity of the disease. It was obtained a combination of major structural aspects - mucoid swelling, fibrinous changes, a variety of cellular responses, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis and hyalinosis. Conclusions. The complex of these changes in the central nervous system in SSc can be characterized as sclerodermic encephalomy-elopathy.