Review is dedicated to actual question of the monocyting
derivative cells participation in development of viral infection.
These cells can realize positive antiviral effect, which include
the ingesting, killing and elimination of viruses and infecting cells.
Herewith monocytes/macrophages are actuated and produced of
cytokine. Aside from this, these cells can possess and negative influence,
when are occur the dissemination of phagocyting these
viruses in different organs and, hereunder, the formation of new
local inflammation foci. For this reason appears as depression of
cells functional activity, so and manifestation of undesirable consequence
their overweening activation, as follows, they can destroy
the sound cells in inflammation foci, produced the active
radicals of the oxygen and nitric oxide.

The paper overviews bibliography devoted to main aetiological
aspects of papillomavirus infection, biological properties
of human papillomavirus infection, and pathogenesis of productive
and integrated papillomavirus infection. More comprehensive
knowledge of the immune and cytokine regulation in case of papillomavirus
infection will allow broadening and optimizing diagnostic
and therapeutic approaches, lowering risk of recurrences and
probability of malignant transformation.

This lecture discusses mechanisms of activation of
disease-causing properties in the opportunistic microorganisms.
The author's studies indicate that the signs of pathogenicity of actinomycetes
known to inhabit the oral cavity appear at the early
development stage of microbial population. As supposed, the microorganisms
known to inhabit mucous tunic and skin are characterized
by full life cycle, and therefore are host-avirulent. Exposed
to the environment, there is evident accumulation of microorganisms
with incomplete life cycle capable of activating pathogenic
potential. In author's opinion, transformation in actinomycetes
and other opportunistic microorganisms from resident into
pathogenous state can be caused by changes in regulation of their
life cycle.

This lecture discusses issues of nosological homogeneity
of tick-bone encephalitis known to be widespread within the
Eurasian continent. As the author indicates, new methods of molecular
genetic testing allow uniting all forms of tick-bone encephalitis
caused by three viral sub-types (Far Eastern, West European and
Siberian ones) into a single nosological form with due regard to
certain quantitative differences in the frequency of any given clinical
manifestations observed in various regions.

The FE-subtype tick-bone encephalitis strains are capable
of causing disease of various severities. To identify ties between
the disease severity and the virus genome structure, the authors
have detected full-genome nucleotide sequences of strains derived
from both dead persons (high virulent strains) and persons with no
evident symptoms of the disease (unapparent strains). These two
groups of the virus strains were on the phylogenetic tree in different
clusters. Besides, these groups varied by 19 available group-specific
mutant sites in virus proteins. Four mutations caused considerable
changes in the properties of amino acid residues and, were likely to
be key to identify the pathogenicity of the strain.

The authors present molecular genetic analysis of sequencing
of genome of Glubinnoe/2004 high virulent strain of tickbone
encephalitis (Far Eastern sub-type). Upon comparing this genome
with the genomes of other strains of the Far Eastern, Siberian,
European sub-types, the authors indicate that the Glubinnoy/2004
strain has a number of mutations in the unstructured virus proteins,
virus polyprotein processing sites and promoter sequences of the
genome. These mutations are likely to cause accelerated replication
and maturation of the virus. As shown, the secondary structure of
promotor 5end genome domain and the position of transmembrane
domains in NS2A protein distinguish the FE-subtype strains from
the Siberian and European subtypes of the tick-bone encephalitis.

The authors present comparative clinical and epidemiological
analysis of morbidity with tick-bone encephalitis in Primorsky
Krai in the 1990s and 2000s and indicate that in the 2000s there
has been a trend towards a reduction of the diseased persons against
the background of a decrease in the severity of the clinical course
of the infection. The classical picture of the severe course of the disease
remained among the unvaccinated persons. None case of lethal
outcome was recorded among the vaccinated persons. Almost all
the patients were diagnosed for tick-bone encephalitis-related fever.

The authors provide data concerning epidemiologic
and epizootic manifestations of Hantavirus infection within the
Primorsky Krai territory being enzootic for the pathogenous
Hunt viruses Hantaan and Amur. Observations of the population
number and contamination rate of Apodemus genus mice that
are reservoir animals of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
pathogens allow to identify indicators of epizooty activity level
that influences the epidemiological process. There is a tie between
annual and seasonal dynamics of the morbidity rate and the dynamics
of a number of field and Korean field mice infected with
Hantavirus with acute infection that are a source of human infection
in natural nidi of hantavirus infection caused by various
pathogen types.

The hantaviral RNA in environment samples from
foci of hantaviral infections was investigated. Rodent and soil litter
samples were collected in different types of mixed forests. Air
samples with dusty particles were obtained by air-collector from
village buildings. Detection of hantaviral antigen and RNA were
carried out by IFA and RT-PCR. For the first time the presence of
hantaviral RNA was revealed in environment samples: soil litters
(from cedar-broadleaf forest) and air samples (from cold-cellar and
cow-shed). Under sampling environment conditions were associated
with weak sun radiation, low and stability air temperatures and
high moisture litter. Obtained results provide the scientific basis for
the study of the natural mechanism of transmission of hantaviral
infections in rodent-host populations and to humans. Detection of
hantaviral RNA on environment components may be used to the
indirectly monitoring on epidemic risk of enzootic territories on
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

The long-term studies indicate that the territory of
Vladivostok Municipal District is characterized by long-lasting
mixed nidus of Hantavirus infection along with the circulation of
three Hantaviruses being pathogenous for human beings. This notwithstanding,
Seoul virus plays a key role in the etiology of hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome. The cases of the disease associated
with viruses Hantaan and Amur are territorially confined to
the persistent natural biotopes.

The authors analyze long-term dynamics of hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome in Primorsky Krai in rural and
urban nidi and identify periodical ups and downs in the morbidity
rate and uneven distribution of the infection cases in the nidi.
There have been both sporadic and group morbidities. The features
of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome include high specific
weight of severe forms among rural patients and high lethality rate
against the background of relatively low morbidity rate. The authors
indicate the weighting of the clinical picture caused by Seoul
type virus.

The clinical picture of hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome in Primorsky Krai is characterized by prevailing severe
and moderately severe forms with high lethality reached 15 %. The
authors have conducted comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory
examination of 41 patients with severe state of the disease
and detected a number of prognostic criteria intended to estimate
progress of unfavorable course of the disease.

The epidemiology traditionally considers epidemiological
process isolated from other infections. As indicated in
integration competitive development of epidemiological process
concept (Yakovlev, 1996-2006), all infections of common localization
and transmission mechanism can directly or indirectly on
a population level affect the progress of epidemiological process
of each other. The authors analyze probable effect on spatial aspects
of distribution of hepatitis A virus and Flexner›s dysentery
in Primorsky Krai and integration competitive mechanisms of
their interaction.

The authors have conducted comparative analysis of
main sub-populations of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and
markers of their activation in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C,
the treatment of whom included fucoidan in the composition of a
dietary supplement Fucolam, and patients undergone the baseline
therapy. The fucoidan had corrective effect on lymphocyte activation
indices. The dietary supplement Fucolam is recommended to
be used for comprehensive treatment of chronic viral hepatitis C.

To this day, the pathogenetic mechanisms of secondary
lactase deficiency in infants, its influence on the stress state and issues
of its treatment and prevention still remain unstudied. To identify
ties between the structural changes in the gastrointestinal tract,
estimate the functional state of the mucous membrane of small
bowel by its capability to produce nitric oxide, the authors have
examined 36 infants aged 1.5 to 12 months with lactase deficiency.
The findings are reliably indicative of available structural changes in
the entire gastrointestinal tract in case of infants lactase deficiency.
The analysis of expression of NO synthase with cell elements of mucous
membrane of the small bowel is indicative of the pathogenetic
role of NO mechanisms in the intestinal absorption processes.

The paper discusses a range of clinical manifestation
of herpesviral affections in 353 HIV-patients. As the HIV infection
progressed, the authors have recorded changes in the immune system
that caused associated diseases or activation of opportunistic
infections. The lowering of CD4+-lymphocytes down to 200 in 1
mkl of blood resulted in the severe course of herpesviral infections.
In 25 % of cases the pathological process was generalized. More
than a half of patients had simple herpes associated with other opportunistic
infections (tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, candidiasis)
that leaded to an increase of the lethality rate.

The authors have observed 56 patients diagnosed
for acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus and studied the
clinical picture and detection frequency of EBV markers both in
acute period and during recovery. As shown, EBV DNA detection
is the most informative method of diagnosing. The acute
period was frequently characterized by fever, lymphoadenopathy,
catarrhal symptoms, and hepatomegaly. Some patients undergone
acute EBV-infection had active replication of the virus remained
for not less than a year that indicated the need to conduct longlasting
follow-ups.

The thermolabile toxin Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is
a species protein with molecular mass of 200 kDa that exhibits
immunogenic and allergic properties and is capable of causing local
dermonecrotic response and laboratory animals death, when
parenterally infused. The paper characterizes pathomorphology
of experimental toxemia caused by intraperitoneal introduction
of this toxin in the concentration of 1.52 mkg/mouse (5 LD50). As
reported, the thermolabile toxin bears direct relation to the progress
of infectious-toxic shock in case of pseudotuberculosis. It
plays key role in causing direct damaging effect on endothelium of
microvessels and cells of parenchymatous organs that tends to be
worsened by circulatory hypoxia. The authors indicate severe dystrophic
and necrotic changes in organs, liver and kidneys mostly,
that are main detoxification barriers when the toxin is introduced
intraperitoneally.

Via transmission electronic microscopy, the authors
show dynamic features of interaction between human and warmblood
animal-virulent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serovars I and III
and marine unicellular algae Plagioselmis prolonga Butch. (Cryptophyta), Porphyridium cruentum Naeg. (Rhodophyta), Platymonas
spp. (Chlorophyta), and Dunaliella salina Teod. (Chlorophyta). The
bacteria and algae have interacted in experiment, and the results
considerably depended on the structural morphology of microalgae
cells, including available cyst. When the bacteria contacted with D. salina and P. prolonga with no outer cyst, Y. pseudotuberculosis
induced cell lysis and destruction. When contacting with other
microalgae species, Y. pseudotuberculosis appealed to the pathogenicity
and adhesive and toxic effects. When contacting with P. cruentum
and Platymonas spp. with outer cyst, the cells were being
destructed.

The thermoresistant lethal toxin Y. pseudotuberculosis
has concentration-dependent effect on the activity of antioxidant
enzymes, apoptosis and viability of neutrophils and binding of surface
cell receptors and concanavalin A in vitro. This effect also depends
on the duration of hatching. The results of experiments on
simultaneous introduction of this toxin with phosphodiesterase inhibitor
(caffeine) and commercial catalase are indicative of the fact
that the effects from the toxin depend on cyclic adenosine monophosphate
content in cells. The apoptosis progresses when the antioxidant
enzyme increase. The extract derived from the Far Eastern
holothurians allows preventing inhibitory activity of this toxin on
binding cell receptors to concanavalin A and inducing apoptosis
and activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus increasing functional activity
of neutrophils.

The paper discusses effect of thermolabile lethal toxin Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on embryogenesis of sea urchins
Strongylocentrotus intermedius and biosynthesis of nucleic acids
and proteins in embryo cells. As shown, the toxin has effect on
metabolic processes in cells by inhibiting synthesis of DNA and
RNA, and almost does not affect protein synthesis. The toxin is of
damaging action on sea urchin embryos in development and causes
morphological changes, thus leading to embryonic death.

Various diagnostic test systems are used to verify acute
bowel-related and secondary nidal forms of yersiniosis. Speciesspecific
proteins of pseudotuberculosis and bowel-related yersiniosis
pathogens (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica)
being outer membrane porins are used as antigens to perform
enzyme-linked immunoelectrodiffusion essay. The fragments of
nucleotide sequences of gens encoding these proteins are used to
perform polymerase chain reaction.

The paper provides data of comprehensive study of
lethal case of lyssavirus infection first diagnosed in Yakovlevsky
municipal district in Primorsky Krai. The data of epidemiologic
analysis (contact with a rattle mouse), clinical picture and results of
virologic, morphological and molecular genetic tests allow attributing
this case to lyssavirus infection. This is the first diagnosed case
of lyssavirus infection in the Siberia and Far East.