Summary - To date, the number of cases of food-related infections
has been increasing, and new forms of the disease occur. The relevance
of the research into various aspects of emerging infections for
example listeriosis, the pathogen of which, Listeria monocytogenes,
is considered to be one of the indicators of food product hazard,
does not admit of doubt. The paper summarises and systematises
literature about non-specific prevention of listeriosis. The findings
are of special scientific importance due to lacking specific prevention
and considerable prevalence rate of this disease in population
groups characterised by increased susceptibility (children, elderly
persons, people suffering from disorders in the immune system and
microbial ecology of the digestive tract).

Summary - The authors overview data about self-organisation and
morphogenetic inhomogeneity of neutrons known to form structure-
functional units or modules. The mechanisms of self-organisation
are shown in the context of synergetic principles of stabilising
interneuronic connections based upon regulatory function
of signal messengers and spontaneous neuronal activity at early
stages of central nervous system development. The authors discuss
the leading role of these mechanisms in supporting neuroplasticity,
memory and cognitive encoding.

Summary - The authors analyse aetiological role of various plasmid
types of Salmonella Enteritidis in causing sporadic morbidity
among the Primorsky Krai population during 2003-2008. As
indicated, 92.8 % of all sporadic morbidity with salmonellosis
are caused by 11 plasmid types of S. Enteritidis. The aetiological
relevance of various plasmid types varies from year to year.
This notwithstanding, it is possible to attribute the leading role in
causing the disease to three local types of microbes. These are 38
Mda, 38:1.4 Mda and 38:4.2 Mda altogether caused 59.0-72.1 % of
all sporadic morbidity. The imported plasmid types are of lesser
aetiological relevance. Their contribution to total morbidity varies
from year to year.

Summary - The authors study effects of galactose in reproduction of
enterobacteria and virulent properties of pseudotuberculosis bacteria
of galactose phenotype. Twenty strains of enterobacteria were
being cultivated under aerobic conditions using Luria broth (LB)
and LB with 0.5 % of galactose (LB+Gal). The reproduction dynamics
was estimated by studying optical density of suspensions. Noninbred
mice were infested with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain
known to carry recombinant plasmid with reporter system based
upon fluorescent protein. The authors have studied two groups by
10 animals undergone peroral introduction of bacterial suspension
cultivated in LB and LB+Gal broths. The biological material was
inoculated on nutrient agar with chloramphenicol to calculate the
number of colonies per 1 gram of fecals mass and liver in 48-72
hours. Most of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were propagating more
intensively in the LB+Gal broth. The others, except Y. ruckeri and Y.
pestis Pestoides, showed the same characteristics. The strains of Escherichia
coli found in the LB+Gal broth demonstrated increasing
multiplication. The Salmonella and Shigella strain propagation did
not depend on carbohydrates. As observed, Y. pseudotuberculosis
bacteria cultivated in the LB+Gal broth propagated more intensively
in the digestive tract and demonstrated increasing capability
of penetrating epithelial barrier of bowels thus percolating the
internal environment.

Summary - Currently a great attention is focused upon the study of
listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes bacteria due to their
increasing role in perinatal and neonatal pathology and capability
of causing severe forms of the disease, massive contamination
and accumulation in food products. The authors study expansion
of the disease-causing type L. monocytogenes in the Russian Far
East, identify its epidemically dangerous strains and contribution to
propagation of the listerial infection in the region. The authors first
specify phylogenetic structure of L. monocytogenes strains known
to exist in the Far East and confirm two phylogenetic lines inside
the species. There is a connection between phylogenetic position
of L. monocytogenes strain and its epidemiological potential. The
authors first show that L. monocytogenes known to be widespread
among wild gnawing animals and marine hydrobionts can cause
intrauterine infection in human beings that is indicative of a probability
of a direct carrying of virulent microorganisms from the environment
into anthropogenic systems.

Summary - The sapronosis pathogens are characterised by polyhostality,
in other words, by a capability of existing and/or causing disease
in a wide range of hosts. The authors study variability of genes encoding
invasion factors using 86 Listeria monocytogenes isolates and 84 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolates. All genes have non-synonymous
mutations causing amino-acid replacements. The gene inv that encodes Y. pseudotuberculosis invasions has two non-synonymous mutations
that differ allele 1 from allele 2. Allele 1 dominates among Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates derived from sick people and the environment.
The isolates derived from gnawing animals have alleles 1
and 2 to be observed with the same frequency. The gene sequences inlA, inlB, ilnC and inlЕ encoding internaline proteins L. monocytogenes
have 6, 25, 8 and 48 non-synonymous mutations, respectively.
A range of replacements is characterised by all isolates belonging to
one serovar group. No replacements are observed in isolates of other
serovars. Besides, L. monocytogenes isolates are characterised by
uneven distribution of amino-acid replacements, depending on the
source of excretion. One of possible consequences of polymorphism
of invasion factors can be sampling of strains that more effectively
interact with certain variants of eukaryotic receptors and thus more
efficiently penetrate the cells of a mammal.

Summary - The paper is aimed to estimate possibility of correcting
nutritional status under chronic lung disease with functional
meat products and biologically active additive Timarin. 67 sick and
20 healthy study volunteers were examined for nutritional status:
screening interviews, anthropometry, laboratory tests (including 6
and 10 interleukin level, tumour necrosis factor , and oxidative
index detection). The traditional therapy was supplemented with
anti-oxidant Timarin in 10 cases, and meat functional products in
34 cases. As indicated, the functional food products and the antioxidant
have positive effect on the nutritional status of patients suffering
from chronic obstructive lung disease by stimulating bodyweight
increase, increasing albuminemia level and decreasing inflammatory
and oxidative activity in blood.

Summary - MR-imaging and biochemical testing allowed to study
hepatoprotective properties of fucoidan derived from brown algae Fucus evanescens under experimental chronic toxic tetrachlorolnethane-
induced hepatitis in mice, and identify stabilisation of
morphological structure and functional state of liver due to peroral
introduction of fucoidan for treatment and prevention purposes.
The findings are indicative of hepatoprotective activity of fucoidan
and open up new opportunities to achieve its clinical application.

Summary - The authors show variability of biological properties
of Listeria monocytogenes modified under the influence of various
abiotic factors when it is cultivated on food products. A combined
effect of a temperature and vacuum results in an increased physiological
and biochemical activity of the strains. As indicated, L.
monocytogeness disease-inciting power depends on a type of food
product, cultivation temperature and vacuum. The sausage substrate
at low temperature increases adhesive properties and virulence.
The cheese one manifests the same characteristics at vacuum.
All the strains cultivated on food products demonstrate II-III generation
antibiotic resistance.

Summary - The authors have studied comparable plasmid characteristics
of 694 Salmonella Enteritidis strains derived from sick people during
outbreaks and sporadic morbidity with salmonellosis in Primorsky
Krai. As indicated, by the degree of correlation between outbreak and
sporadic morbidities the outbreaks can be divided into three types.
The first includes outbreaks closely related to the sporadic morbidity
and characterised by a single pathogenic agent. The second one
is considered to be as restrictedly bounded with sporadic morbidity,
and the plasmid type of a microbe known to cause the outbreak does
not play leading role in the aetiology of the sporadic morbidity. The
third type includes outbreaks that do not have direct relation to the
sporadic morbidity. The authors believe the aetiological unity of both
outbreak and sporadic morbidities only occurs in the first case when
there are grounds for saying that the sporadic morbidity is an unconfirmed
epidemic. The second and the third types of outbreaks only
partially correspond to the sporadic morbidity, or have no relation to it.

Summary - The human spinal bulb nuclei were examined using
14 autopsies to detect serotonin- and nitroxidergic neutrons. As
reported, the neurons that had serotonin co-localised with nitroxidsynthase
were most frequently observed in the suture nucleus and
reticular, gigantocellular and medial nuclei with the 50% content.
Between the nuclei and between the nuclei and pathways there
were 2 to 6 percents of neurons that were tentatively performing
integrative functions aimed to regulate hemodynamics. Neurons
having the serotonin co-localised with nitroxidsynthase were most
frequently met among this cell population

Summary - The authors estimate efficiency of applying biologically
active additive Fucolam derived from brown algae Fucus evanescens
as a part of comprehensive treatment of patients suffering
from obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb vessels in effort to
correct lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The study group included
patients with dislipidemy caused by increased levels of total
cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and atherogenicity
coefficient. The patients were prescribed to apply Fucolam
by two capsules a day during 21 days. As reported, application of
biologically active additive as a scheme of conservative treatment of
obliterating atherosclerosis allows stabilising cholesterol distribution
between the lipoprotein fractions and decreasing atherogenicity
coefficient.

Summary - The fact that the disseminated sclerosis belongs to autoimmune
diseases predominates dependence of its progression rate
on the cytokine imbalance. The authors study levels of relation between
pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during
aggravation of the disease and in remission in 19 patients aged 20
to 58 with various types of the disseminated sclerosis course. As
reported, disseminated sclerosis is characterised by considerable
increase in 1 and 6 interleukin concentrations. It reaches its maximum
values during aggravation under low levels of interleukin-1
receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor-. There is a dependence
of these indices on the disease stage. The prognostic criteria
for disseminated sclerosis are interleukin-1/nterleukin-1 receptor
antagonist and tumour necrosis factor- concentration

Summary - In effort to assess efficiency of ursodeoxycholic
acid applied to treat toxic affections of liver, the authors have
examined 22 patients with severe hepatitis caused by alcoholcontaining
disinfectant consumption. 11 of them underwent
comprehensive therapy with Ursosan. Besides the clinical examination
and liver biopsy needed to estimate lipid peroxidation,
the authors applied chemoluminiscence. The status of patients
from the second group was characterised by improvement
in the clinical status, considerable activation of anti-oxidative
protection from free radicals, decrease in the production of free
radicals in liver and blood serum. The local damaging effect due
to free-radical induced oxidation was being abated as a result
of reliable reduction in the activity of toxic hepatitis. The authors
recommend Ursosan to be applied as efficient drug for
comprehensive treatment of toxic hepatitis caused by alcoholcontaining
disinfectant consumption.

Summary - The authors present results of experimental study
supplemented by simulation of bronchial asthma on male
BALB/c mice using house dust mite extract as incitant of allergy.
The study is aimed to research into the system manifestations of
the disease and detect signs of endothelial dysfunction of magistral
and cerebral arteries needed to record results by MRT scanning.
As reported, the endothelium-dependent constrictive response
of brain arteries against the bronchial asthma decreases,
while the endothelium-independent one increases. The findings
allow confirming the probability of applying the described bronchial
asthma simulation to study system aspects of this disease
in humans.

Summary - The examination of 25 healthy persons allows considering
multiparameter analysis of EEG as efficient method of objectifying
diagnostics of brain states during osteopathic manipulations.
This neurophysiological method is capable of creating evidences of
effects from release techniques on reduction of peak activity of neural
ensembles located in various regions of neocortex. High degree
of similarity of the results of cross-correlation analysis of the EEG
for the same patient allows supposing validity of applying methods
of multiparameter EEG in osteopathy

Summary - The authors have studied concentrations of a complex
of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-
1 (MMP-9/TIMP-1) in relation to the state of endothelial dysfunction,
total anti- and pro-oxidative activities in persons with hypercholesterolemia
without clinical manifestations and in patients
with various forms of the ischemic heart disease. The examination
group comprised 115 persons: a group with people suffering from
hypercholesterolemia without clinical manifestations (30), a group
with patients suffering from stable FC III stenocardia (30), a group
with patients with myocardial infarction (30), and a group with
healthy people (25) as a control group. The authors have detected
increasing MMP-9/TIMP-1 concentration in proportion to prevalence
of atherosclerotic affection of coronary arteries. In case of hypercholesterolemia
without clinical manifestations and in patients
with ischemic heart disease, the authors have identified considerable
mean and strong direct correlations between MMP-9/TIMP-1
level and general oxidative activity that is indicative of a considerable
role of oxidative stress in activating matrix metalloproteinases.
The authors discuss connections between endothelial dysfunctions
and oxidative stress, and dysmorphology of extracellular matrix
of vessel wall, and their role needed to be identified for estimating
prevalence and progression rate of atherosclerotic processes.

Summary - The author has examined 94 children aged 3 to 18 with
atopic dermatitis undergone allergoimmunologic examination before
being treated and in 1, 3 and 6 months after traditional therapy
combined by Licopid and allergen-specific immunotherapy. As
reported, identification of immune and cytokine status facilitates
choosing most adequate methods of correcting these disorders. The
combined therapy that includes Licopid and accelerated allergenspecific
therapy with non-infectious allergens results in an increase
of treatment efficiency, reduction of recurrence rate, increase in duration
of disease-free survival, and correction of modified cytokine
indices.

Summary - The authors discuss mathematic model describing effects
from preventive examinations in relation to expansion of serious
infectious diseases, and set targets for searching optimum strategy
aimed at prevention of population morbidity during the period
when the economic-related effects are maximal. The paper includes
results of numerical calculations performed on the basis of statistic
information.

Summary - The authors theoretically substantiate and develop
optimum model for accelerated formation of abilities and skills as
part of professional capacity of students being trained in medical
university. Based upon organisation-activity approach to managing
educational process in the higher medical school, they suggest
educational methods mainly oriented on activities. Professional
abilities and skills can be implemented by applying self-education
training techniques

Summary - The doctors of the first half of XIX - the beginning
of XX centuries M.M. Dobrotvorsky and N.V. Kirillov were the
pioneers in researching into ethnic features of health maintenance
(folk medicine). They described Russian folk medicine (M.M. Dobrotvorsky)
and traditional oriental medicine practice in Tibet and
China (N.V. Kirillov). Systematising empirical data, the doctors
have found essential features that differ the traditional medicine
from the scientific one, showed reasons for a success of folk medicine,
set tasks to study accumulated traditional empirical experience
and apply it in scientific (European) medicine.