Remembrance of the outstanding scientist Professor P.A. Motavkin is largely connected with the creation of the famous neuromorphological school in Vladivostok. During a relatively short historical period, scientific discoveries were made under the leadership of P.A. Motavkin. New ideas about the mechanisms of vascular regulation of the brain and spinal cord of humans and animals were presented on the basis of these discoveries. Extensive factual material accumulated over the years of research has allowed not only to identify the basic laws of the functioning of this regulatory system in normal conditions of life, but also to solve a number of problems related to the correction of its disorders in case of vascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases take a leading position in the structure of mortality in modern society. Most diseases are characterized by uncontrolled processes of oxidative stress, proteolysis, tissue and cellular hypoxia, which cause endothelial dysfunction. Tissue and cellular hypoxia accumulated with mitochondrial reactive forms of oxygen damaging lipoproteins, proteins, nucleic acids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular aging. Cellular aging is characterized by a decrease in the number of mitochondria, a decrease in the number of copies of mitochondrial DNA, and the loss of mitochondrial protein. In addition to morphological changes, the function of mitochondria is oppressed, at the same time the activity of their proteins and enzymes decreases. Changes in the functions of mitochondria can be secondary in response to various stimuli and are associated with a violation of their structure and a change in activity in response to specific genetic and phenotypic conditions. Reprogramming of mitochondrial biogenesis occupies a central position in the theory of cellular aging and is one of the targets for interventions in prolonging active longevity.

The review presents literature data on the problem of respiratory muscle (RM) dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The main features of their pathophysiological interactions and clinical practice values were observed. Both local and systemic factors of the pathogenesis of COPD are important in the development of RM dysfunction. Local factors are associated with lung remodeling and the need of RM to overcome excessive breathing resistance, which increases the intensity of their work, and contributes to the development of hypertrophy and insufficiency. Chronic systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, excessive proteolysis and other systemic manifestations of COPD change the metabolism, structural and functional organization of RM. The severity of morpho-functional disorders and metabolic status of RM depends on the gravity of COPD and emerges on the early stages as myocytes’ hypertrophy, their increasing capillarization and the increasing of mitochondrion density. At late stages it appears as diffuse replacement of muscle fibers by connective tissue. Low nutritional status, increasing protein-energy deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, endocrine disorders on the background of progressive respiratory insufficiency and tissue hypoxia contribute to the development of RM weakness. The combination of COPD, acute disorders of cerebral circulation and chronic heart failure sharply worsens the function of RM and the prognosis of comorbid diseases. Also, the dysfunction of RM in patients having COPD is significantly aggravated at the age of senility. The review discusses the possibilities of pharmacological correction of RM dysfunction and other clinical aspects of this problem.

The brief review summarizes the authors' original data on the role of environmental factors in triggering and synchronization of spawning in natural populations of two species of sea urchins with planktotrophic larvae. It is shown that both species exhibit similar reproductive adaptations aimed at enhancing reproductive success. The high sensitivity of sea urchins, primarily males, to environmental signal(s), most likely to phytoplankton, can be considered as a large-scale adaptation characteristic of many marine invertebrates with external fertilization and planktotrophic larvae and promoting the development of mass spawning events. Night time, as well as the new moon and full moon phases, are modulating factors that increase the likelihood of mass spawning. Longer duration of spawning in males compared to females, longer duration of sperm release during mass spawning compared to that during solitary spawning, longer duration of spawning in males living in an environment with higher level of phytoplankton, and approach of males and females during mass spawning can be considered as small-scale adaptations that increase the likelihood of fertilization.

The problem of adaptation to oxygen deficiency and its role in the development of diseases have been studied for many decades on animal models having different level of resistance to hypoxia. This review discusses the literature data and the results of our own studies of hormonal and mediator systems of the central nervous system, as well as the clarification of their role in adaptive physiological and behavioral reactions in bivalves. The analysis of data on serotonin topography  (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh), nitric oxide (NO) and FMRF-amide-containing neurons in the visceral ganglion and the dynamics of their activity provides evidence of the participation of neurotransmitters and enzymes of their synthesis in the stability and plasticity of the nervous system of scallops suffering hypoxia.

Viral vectors are of great clinical interest due to their high efficiency, which allows them to find practical applications in gene therapy. The review presents current research data on various fish species as potential models for the use of viral vectors. During the study of high-performance adenoviral vectors data on the stable expression of transgenes in the body of Danio rerio and other fish species was obtained. The features of the use of adeno-associated vectors in the study of transneuronal transfer of the glucuronidase protein in the projection neurons of the ventral tegmental area and striatum to treat metabolic insufficiency in case of mucopolysaccharidosis VII are considered. Taking into consideration the wide set of genetically modified Danio rerio strains, ethical aspects, and the acceptability of applying this model in neurogenic studies, it is clear that Danio rerio, as well as other fish species, can be used as an alternative for early preclinical evaluation of the efficiency of viral vectors.

Observation of patients suffering from acute COVID-19 shows that many of them have a long persistence of various symptoms, which often significantly worsen the quality of life and are combined with the concept of "postvoid syndrome". The study of this phenomenon is actively continuing, but its types and manifestations are already known, registers of patients are created, their condition is monitored, and postcovid syndrome is included in the International Classification of Diseases. The review covers predictors, mechanisms of development and main signs of Long-Covid, systemic affection of internal organs, which is explained, among other things, by damaging effect of the virus on different tissues, endothelial dysfunction and micro thrombosis. Particular attention is paid to the causes and types of cardiovascular system disorders. The features of functioning of the world health care system during the pandemic waves which influenced the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are outlined. It is emphasized that postvascular syndrome is susceptible both to persons who had acute form of COVID and to asymptomatic patients. They equally require medical attention. Electronic means of communication help to provide such care during pandemic period.

The review presents data on the use of carotenoids in the most threatening pathological conditions. The therapeutic and preventive effect of carotenoids is due to the inactivation of active oxygen species and free radicals. By eliminating the phenomena and consequences of oxidative stress, carotenoids are effective both in treating metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus and abdominal obesity, and in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Diets enriched with carotenoids have a wide range of anti-cancer effects, apoptosis modulations and metastasis blocks. Carotenoids protect dopaminergic neurons of the brain from oxidative damage and reduce the severity of neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, carotenoids have limited bioavailability due to their low water solubility. Future research should be directed to the development of medicinal forms of carotene-containing phytopreparations that don’t have such disadvantage.

Objective: To study the dynamics of morphochemical modifications in glial cells of rat neocortex under the conditions of experimental stroke, induced by means of constant occlusion of the middle brain artery.

Methods: We studied the immunolocalisation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Iba-1 and S-100 in the rat parietal cortex during the constant occlusion of middle brain artery.

Results: Astrocytes, expressing GFAP and S-100, are found in the penumbra area and define its borders. In the later stages of stroke, the density of astrocytes increases on the border of the stroke focus and decreases around penumbra, which leads to immunoreactive perifocal zone boarders shifting and its significant narrowing. The reversion of immunoreactivity during the early and late stages of stroke was observed. The reversion was defined by decrease in S-100-expression in astrocytes and expression presence in pyramidal neurons on the 1-3 day of ischemia in the stroke focus. The reverse tendency toward localization changes of GDNF from neurons to astrocytes was detected in penumbra on 8-21 day. Iba-1-reactive microglia at the stroke’s core shows the sings of activated macrophages - increase in the cells’ size, reduction in quantity and branching. Iba-1-reactive microglia concentrates in the stroke focus, reaching its highest point on the 8 day and corresponds to decreasing spatial density of astrocytes in the penumbra area.

Conclusions. Specificity of the morphochemical alteration of glial cells closely interacts with the condition of neurons in the stroke focus, points to the penumbra borders and connected with the balance of various protective and neurodestructive processes.

Objective: To study the morphofunctional features of the brain development of 14- and 30-day-old rats born in broods that differ significantly in numbers.

Methods: 2 age groups of animals were studies – 14-day-old and 30-day-old rat pups, the offspring of intact rats, each group was divided into subgroups: 1) small broods (4-7 rat pups per brood) and 2) broods of average size (9-12 rats in a brood). The brains of animals of both subgroups were subjected to morphometric and histochemical studies. At the age of 28 days, rat pups from the second age group were tested in an elevated plus maze.

Results: It was found that rat pups from small broods at the age of 14 and 30 days had signs of acceleration and differed in the outstripping rates of development of brain from animals from the group of broods of average size. Differences were manifested by a greater mass of the brain and hemisphere, a lower numerical density of neurons and a higher density of gliocytes, a large glioneural index, as well as the size of neurons, their nuclei and nucleoli in the cortex of the parietal lobe and the hippocampus. The behavior of pups from small broods and broods of average numbers at the age of 28 days in an elevated plus maze had significant intergroup differences.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that differences in brood numbers affect important indicators of brain development.

Objective: To compare direct results of «in situ» and Y-graft bimammary autoarterial bypass in patients having coronary artery disease.

Methods:  From January 2018 to November 2020, 107 patients having ischemic artery disease undergone coronary artery bypass surgery in the Cardiac Surgery Department No.1 of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk). The distribution of the groups was carried out in a 3:1 ratio: in the first group (24 patients) both internal thoracic arteries were used for myocardial revascularization according to the «in situ» technique, in the second group (composite bypass surgery) (83 patients) the right internal thoracic artery was anastomosed with a free graft with the left internal thoracic artery (Y- graft).

Results: There were no cases of hospital mortality. The duration of operations in the composite bypass group was significantly higher than in the «in situ» group (126.4  minutes ± 20.1 minutes versus 172.3 minutes ± 27.1 minutes, p = 0.038). The reason for extra time is the necessity to put a large number of distal anastomoses. Bleeding in the early postoperative period was observed only in one case (1.2%) in the composite bypass group. Perioperative myocardial infarctions, neurological complications, and deep wound infection of the sternum weren't observed in any group. One patient from the «in situ» group (4.2%) and one patient from the composite bypass grafting group (1.2%), experienced the postoperative period complicated by a superficial wound infection in the area of the sternotomy access (p = 0.649). In the «in situ» group, average blood flow velocity according to flowmetry data was 32 ml / min ± 8.1 ml / min, and in the composite shunting group it counted 51.8 ml / min ± 12.3 ml / min, p = 0.001.

Conclusions. Using both internal thoracic arteries for coronary artery bypass surgery provides a favorable effect of surgical treatment in the postoperative period. This operation technique can be safely performed with low mortality rate and less complications. It may be associated with improved long-term patient survival; but this requires further analysis of the study results in a longer period.

Objective: To identify changes in microcirculation and metabolic activity in soft tissues in an experimental explosive wound after local administration of hyaluronic acid and to determine the mode of its use, in which these changes are sanogenetically significant.

Methods: The experiments were approved by the local Ethics Committee and performed on 96 male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g. at the age from 4 to 4.5 months. The design of the study included the following stages: wound modeling (according to the method which has RF patent for invention No. 2741238); closing the wound with a pressure bandage and fixing it with a patch; primary surgical treatment of the wound 3 hours after the injury; fan (5-6 points) intramuscular injection of hyaluronic acid (“Hyalift” medication) diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride solution to 1.75% (total volume – 0.5-0.8 ml); dynamic observation accompanied by daily wound dressings (chlorhexidine, and Levomekol ointment) until its epithelialization and by intramuscular administration of antibacterial drug (Gentamicin sulfate) during the first 7 days after the injury. The study of microcirculation and metabolism of tissues of the injury zone using laser Doppler flowmetry, optical tissue oximetry and laser fluorescence diagnostics (using the device "Lakk-M") was conducted on the 7th, 14th and 28th day after the injury.

Results: Early (3 hours after the injury) local application of HA in case of an explosive soft tissue wound improves the perfusion characteristics of microcirculation, has a positive effect on the trophism and oxidative metabolism of skeletal muscles, and reduces the time of wound healing. The early administration (3 hours after the injury) of HA in the mode: locally in the para volar tissues, after 3 hours (at the end of the primary surgical treatment of the wound) and additionally after 24 hours after the injury is considered to be the most effective.

Conclusions: Intramuscular injection of hyaluronic acid into the para volar tissues in the first hours after the wound in case of an explosive soft tissue wound is a sanogenetically justified method of correcting the wound process.

A case of a rare localization of skin lesions by a firecracker flame is described. Burns of II – III degree S 18% of p.t. with lesions of the back, buttocks, perineum, genitals were obtained as a result of illegal actions on the patient. The patient's condition at admission is severe, due to the area and degree of the lesion. Conscious, but intoxicated. Wounds in the perineum, genitals, buttocks, thighs, back are represented by dry white dermis with charring, and on the buttocks – in places with eversion of the subcutaneous tissue. In the area of the vagina, edema and lacerations of the mucous membrane of the labia were observed, at the entrance to the anus there was a hematoma; damage to the rectum and internal genital organs was not revealed. Installed a urinary catheter, the urine is light. In blood tests: leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia. Complex treatment included anti-shock, anticoagulant (heparin), antibacterial, analgesic, transfusion therapy (FFP 4750 ml, albumin 10% 800  ml, erythrocyte mass 633 ml), nutritional support (Isosurs). The treatment used a fluidizing bed "Reditron" in the pulse-mode. Bandaging with antiseptics and ointments was regularly performed, staged necrectomies were performed. After preparation of granulating wounds, three stages of autodermoplasty of the above areas were performed on the 30th, 37th, 51st days after the injury. The postoperative period was uneventful. Conservative therapy, physiotherapy, exercise therapy continued. Blood counts returned to normal. Against the background of complex treatment, the patient's skin was completely restored, the functions of the genitals and the anal canal remained.