Aim. To investigate the morphological characteristics of the lungs in experimental closed inertial traumatic brain injury (TBI) and endotoxinemia.
Materials and methods. Inertial TBI was reproduced using a setup in which a 200 g load was dropped from a height of 1 m onto the parietal region of the rat head. Endotoxinemia was simulated by repeated intramuscular injections of pyrogenal solution. The animals were divided into the following groups: (1) intact rats (n = 12); (2) animals after TBI (n = 12); (3) triple injection of pyrogenal without TBI (n = 12); and (4) triple injection of pyrogenal immediately after TBI (n = 12). On day 6 from the onset of the experiment, the lungs were removed and histochemically detected for calcium cations using alizarin red C and boric acid staining or the Von Kossa method. Argyrophilic fiber was determined using Foot’s method. The status of mast cells was assessed using toluide blue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of the CD14 receptor and endothelin 1. The lung tissue was subjected to morphometric analysis.
Results. In the lungs of animals with simulated endotoxemia, a significant increase in the thickness of the interalveolar septa and adventitial cuffs of the distal branches of the pulmonary arteries was observed. The thickness of the internal and external elastic membranes of the bronchial arteries, as well as the argyrophilicity of connective tissue fibers, alveoli, and distal fourth-order airways, also increased. A decrease in the spectral fluorescence intensity of elastic fibers in connective tissue near vessels and bronchi was observed, as well as a decrease in the thickness of the adventitia of the caudal pulmonary veins and the lumen diameter of the third- and fourthorder intrapulmonary bronchi. Increased levels of endothelin-1, CD14-positive, and mast cells were observed in the perivascular space and bronchial lumen.
Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate that endotoxinemia in the acute phase of TBI initiates morphofunctional signs of systemic inflammation in the lungs.

The article provides an analytical review of neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer, observing a paradigm shift in treatment over the past decade. This shift is due to emerging knowledge about the nature of the disease and opportunities to achieve better treatment outcomes. During the period under review, neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer has evolved from standard regimens to dose-dense regimens, and to dual blockade (trastuzumab/pertuzumab) in the treatment of HER2-positive tumors.

The article discusses various causes of prosthetic infection affecting synthetic aortic grafts in patients who have undergone vascular reconstruction using synthetic vascular prostheses. Considered a highly dangerous complication, this infection is regarded as a process with multifactorial pathogenesis resulting from the combined impact of intraoperative factors and patient risk factors. All established methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of this complication are discussed; clinical classifications are also provided in accordance with the recommendations of the Management of Aortic Graft Infection Collaboration (MAGIC). Standardized methods for treating patients with prosthetic infection remain undefined due to the diversity of its clinical forms, which are associated with the extent of the process, the virulence of the microbial agent, the patient's response to the septic process, and the varying levels of expertise among clinics providing care to patients with this pathology. Accordingly, this study aims to review more than 40 publications on the causes of prosthetic aortic graft infection, diagnostic methods, and comprehensive treatment over the past 15 years.

The article reviews the main directions of research activity and the results obtained by the specialists of Omsk State Medical University in the field of hygiene and epidemiology of population nutrition in Western Siberia over a 20-year period. The main stages of fundamental and applied research aimed at solving urgent problems of preventing diseases associated with alimentary risk factors are described in chronological order. The key problems of population nutrition and their impact on the population health in the region are identified; the results of implementing prevention technologies are presented.

Selection of candidates with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) for surgery remains an unsolved clinical task due to the lack of uniform, reproducible criteria. This impedes prediction of outcomes with comparable follow-up effectiveness of different surgical methods. Evidence synthesis indicates that subjective symptom scales, morphological descriptors, and functional parameters each have limited discriminative value when used in isolation. A more accurate, personalized decision-making framework may emerge from integrating analytical urodynamics with neurophysiological insights into detrusor–sphincter coordination, thereby improving risk stratification and surgical indication setting.

Today, orthognathic treatment for correcting dental and jaw abnormalities and deformities is increasingly becoming the method of choice for patients. Since the appearance of the face is mainly determined by soft tissues, predicting their response to the spatial displacement of bone structures is an essential step in planning surgical intervention. In this article, we carry out a review of existing and promising methods for predicting changes in facial soft tissues in orthognathic surgery. Both conventional manual and modern virtual planning (VSP) technologies are considered. We established that despite the high accuracy (< 2 mm) of modern software packages for VSP, prediction remains a difficult task. Accuracy is influenced by the anatomical and topographical features of the maxillofacial region, individual ratios of hard and soft tissue movements (e.g., the upper lip follows the upper jaw by 70–80%, and the lower lip follows the lower jaw by 66%), as well as biological factors (sex, race, tissue thickness). Promising research directions include the development of 3D methods based on CT and MRI, as well as the use of AI algorithms for automated analysis. The standards currently available relate to Caucasians/North Americans and cannot be applied to other races. Therefore, research aimed at determining cephalometric indicators that reflect the ethnic origin of potential patients appears highly relevant.

The role of mast cells (MC) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases has been discussed for decades. However, the exact role of MC in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune pathology remains largely unclear.
Aim. In this study, we investigate the effect of thyroid hormones on the functional activity of mast cells using a continuous cell culture.
Materials and methods. Mast cells of the human mast cells-1 line (HMC1) were cultured in two nutrient media. One series contained the T4 thyroid hormone, while the other – cultured simultaneously – served as a comparison group. 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to stain necrotic cells; and 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was used to stain cells with active mitochondria. The cultured mast cell media were analyzed for the cytokine content: INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and free T4.
Results. The conducted culturing of mast cells reliably demonstrated the stimulating role of thyroid hormones on mast cell functional activity. The TNF-α level in the mast cell medium, cultivated without the addition of T4, increased 9-fold by day 7, compared to the baseline values. However, in mast cells cultivated with the addition of T4, TNF-α increased 29-fold during the same period. Thyroxine exerted a significant stimulating effect on mast cell function, manifested in a significant increase in the synthesis/production of TNF-α de novo. The experiment can be considered representative due to the use of the established mast cell line.
Conclusion. Mast cells respond to an increase in the thyroxine content in the environment with additional synthesis/production of TNF-α. The validity of the results obtained, determined by the use of the HMC1 line, allow us to assume that cell activation is also possible in vivo under changes in the synthesis or production of thyroxine by thyrocytes in the thyroid gland.

Aim. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of biologically active substances extracted from the Far East endemic species in preventing the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in elderly patients.
Materials and methods. The study included 40 NAFLD patients aged 63.9 ± 3.9 years. Patients in the active control group (n = 20) received standard therapy, which included a low-calorie diet, therapeutic gymnastics, moderate physical activity, and ursodeoxycholic acid 10–15 mg/kg in two doses per day during two months. Patients in the main group additionally received the “Kholesar” dietary supplement (Maackia amurensis extract) one capsule per day (200 mg) and a dietary supplement made from Echinoidea sea urchin (“Sila Morya: Dolgoletie”, one capsule three times per day) for two months. The examination was performed prior to the onset and following two weeks after completion of therapy. The dynamics of clinical symptoms, biochemical parameters of liver function, data based on the NFS and FIB-4 scales were monitored. Statistical processing was performed using Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney, Wilcoxon, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
Results. Examination of patients with NAFLD revealed ultrasound signs of steatosis and the presence of the following cardiometabolic risk factors: dyslipidemia in 75%, hypertension in 45%, obesity in 60%, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders in 55% of patients. The monotherapy using ursodeoxycholic acid during eight weeks led to a decrease in cytolysis, cholestasis, and glucose levels. In some patients with initially high values of FIB (40%) and NFS (45%), fibrosis also decreased. Over the same period, the applied combination therapy led to normalization of ALT and AST in patients with initially higher enzyme levels, ensuring a significant improvement in lipid profile (reduction in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and apolipoprotein A (ApoA)), compared to monotherapy. In addition, the combination therapy contributed to a reduction in fibrosis indices in a larger number of patients with high FIB (70%) and NFS (55%) values, thus improving their overall well-being.
Conclusion. Biologically active substances from the Far East terrestrial and marine biota contribute to stabilization of NAFLD and reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors in elderly patients.

Objective. To assess the content of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with the EpCAMhighCD44+ phenotype in metastatic lymph nodes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as the expression of CD133, CD166, CD24, and CD184 on their surface.
Materials and methods. A cross-sectional prospective study of the cellular composition of metastatic lymph nodes was performed in 123 patients with phase III CRC. The control group consisted of 87 patients who underwent surgery for non-neoplastic colon diseases. Lymph node cells were isolated by an enzymatic method. The expression of CD45, EpCAM, CD44, CD133, CD166, CD184, and CD24 on CSCs was assessed by flow cytometry using a CytoFLEX LX cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test.
Results. Among metastatically affected regional lymph nodes of CRC patients, 7.6 [4.3; 11.9]% of CSC with the EpCAMhighCD44+ phenotype were found in the total population of non-lymphoid cells (CD45-). No cells with high EpCAM expression were found in the lymph nodes of patients in the control group. In metastatic lymph nodes, 50.8 [42.5; 60.1]% of CSC simultaneously express CD133 and CD166, and 49.2 [39.9; 57.5]% of cells exhibited the presence of the CD133 antigen. All CSCs in metastatic lymph nodes expressed CD184, and 94.9 [90.0; 97.7]% of them simultaneously contained CD24.
Conclusion. Highly EpCAM-expressing CSCs can be found in metastatically affected regional lymph nodes in patients with stage III colorectal cancer. CD44-positive cells comprise 7.6% of nonlymphoid cells. The CXC type 4 chemokine receptor (CD184) and CD133 protein are markers of CSCs in CRC.

Objective. To identify new anxiolytics among selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors.
Materials and methods. The study involved nine new selective carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) inhibitors, which are sulfonamide derivatives with laboratory codes B1–3, B10–13, B18, and B24. The open field, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension tests were used. Two types of animals were examined: mice and rats. Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Excel and Biostatistics software.
Results. Both in experiments on rats and mice, compound B24 exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, while also enhancing the cognitive functions of animals. Compounds B10, B12, and B18 potentially possess anxiolytic effects, while B13 exhibits antidepressant activity.
Сonclusion. The study results indicate that new drugs from selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors possess anxiolytic and antidepressant activity while improving cognitive functions in animals.

Aim. To evaluate the biochemical and hematological blood parameters of laboratory animals in response to the implantation of wollastonite/hydroxyapatite (wollastonite/HAP) ceramics produced by template synthesis.
Materials and methods. The wollastonite/HAP biocomposite used in the experiment was obtained by spark plasma sintering. Five female New Zealand White rabbits weighing between two and a half and three kilograms were selected as a model for studying acute toxicity in animals. Wollastonite/HAP was implanted under the latissimus dorsi muscles of the test animals. Biochemical and hematological parameters were assessed after blood sampling prior to implantation (control) and on the fifth day after implantation.
Results. In animals, the main hematological and biochemical blood parameters were within normal limits, although a number of minor changes within the reference values of the indicator were noted. There was a decrease in total blood protein to 50.8 ± 1.64 g/L and albumin to 34.44 ± 1.30 mmol/L, possibly due to the fact of the surgical intervention.
Conclusion: The data obtained on hematological and biochemical blood parameters suggest that implants produced from the wallastonite/HAP biocomposite do not exhibit acute toxicity. They therefore appear to be suitable for use in marking the edges of postoperative wounds.

Objective. To examine the outcomes of treating children with Susp. Intussusception at Regional Children's Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Vladivostok. Intussusception is the most common type of acute intestinal obstruction in children under 1 year of age.
Materials and methods. A retrospective study included 241 cases with suspected intussusception. Medical records and surgical logs were analyzed. Standard clinical and radiological methods were used. Statistical analysis of the study results was performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Statitech software packages.
Results. A total of 241 children were hospitalized with suspected intussusception during the specified period. The diagnosis was confirmed in 64 patients, including 22 girls and 42 boys. Ultrasound examination and pneumoperitoneography procedures were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Conservative treatment was effective in 36 cases; all children had ileocecal intussusception and no peritonitis. Of the 28 patients in the second group, there were 11 cases of ileocecal intussusception and 17 cases of small bowel intussusception. Of this group of children, 8 cases were associated with Meckel's diverticulum and two with lymphoma.
Conclusions. In our case, the factors determining the need for surgery were age over 3 years, the long duration of the disease, the presence of complications, as well as the presence of small intestinal localization.

Objective. To optimize the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) method for estimating phenolic antioxidants in the shoots of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge using surface response methodology and the Box–Behnken design.
Materials and methods. The shoots of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge were harvested in 2025 at the beginning of flowering from a natural population in Khabarovsk Krai. The measurements were performed using a UV-1700 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The response surface tool and the Box–Behnken design were applied to identify the combination of phenolic compound extraction factor levels that would yield the optimal response. Statistical processing of the results was carried out in accordance with the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 15th edition, OFS.1.1.0013 “Statistical processing of the results of physical, physicochemical, and chemical tests” using the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and Statistica 6.0 software packages.
Results. For the shoots of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, the optimal parameters for the FC reaction have been determined as 0.5 ml of FC reagent and 5 ml of a 20% sodium carbonate solution, which ensure the accuracy, reproducibility, and stability of the reaction products. The response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design revealed that the highest yield of phenolic compounds occurs when the following extraction parameters are combined: extractant is 54.87% ethyl alcohol; raw material to extractant mass ratio is 1:783, and extraction time is 65.99 min.
Conclusion. Extraction conditions are optimized; a method for quantitative spectrophotometric determination of phenolic compounds in the shoots of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge is developed, which is necessary for standardization of this type of raw material.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of complex therapy for NSAID- and SAID-associated lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract using standardized and combined pharmacotherapy.
Materials and methods. A total of 34 patients with erosive and ulcerative drug-associated lesions of the stomach and/or duodenum were examined. Patients in the main group (n = 18) underwent standardized therapy (proton pump inhibitors, synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogues, antacids) in combination with a complex of pectin (soluble dietary fibre) / sea cucumber extract. The second (comparison) group (n = 16) received only standardized therapy.
Results. The patients receiving complex therapy (the main group) exhibited statistically significant improvements in the epithelialization of the gastric and/or duodenal mucosa as opposed to the comparison group.
Conclusion. Adding pectin (soluble dietary fiber) and sea cucumber extract to standard NSAID and SAID gastropathy treatment increases its efficacy significantly, providing a solid basis for preventing and treating drug-induced damage to the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Objective: To explore the consistency between two pain assessment methods, namely the revised Wong-Baker faces pain scale revision (FPS-R) and the Peking Opera facial makeup (POFM) expression assessment methods.
Materials and methods: From March 1 to June 30, 2024, FPS-R and BOFM were used to evaluate and measure pain in 41 hospitalized rehabilitation patients. The pain results measured by the FPS-R and BOFM pain assessment methods showed no statistically significant difference, and the consistency between the two methods was good.
Conclusion: Peking Opera facial expressions (POFM) are convenient and suitable for Chinese people to use in evaluating patient pain.

Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that is highly pathogenic in immunocompromised patients. Its particular pathogen, Mucorales, might develop in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract in patients with otolaryngological pathology. The article discusses a rare clinical case of mucormycosis and polyposis rhinosinusitis in a 37-year-old female patient. Clinical diagnosis was established by examination: chronic hyperplastic panrhinosinusitis associated with polyps, exacerbation. Histological analysis of the removed polypous tissue revealed fungal invasion. A control biopsy of the nasal mucosa with areas of hyperplasia was performed after etiopathogenetic therapy. Early diagnosis and treatment prevented severe complications. Fungal invasion of nasal polyps may indicate common mechanisms of polyposis rhinosinusitis and Mucorales development.