Literature review on age-related macular degeneration which 30–50 millions people in the world suffer from, and according to WHO data the number of such patients will triple by 2050. Optical coherence angiography enables to identify different types of neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. The possibility to diagnose atypical forms of disease such as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and retinal angiomatous proliferation occurred with the use of this method. Detailed examination of angiograms of retina can be used as a reason to further study both its normal anatomy and vascular malformations, ischemia and neovascularization.

The article presents review of publications of cerebrospinal nervous system (CNS) tumors in children, their diagnostics, classification and therapy. Malignant neoplasms of CNS in children of different age are represented by a wide range of histomolecular groups. In the classification invented by WHO in 2016, for the first time, the basis for their separation was laid not only the histological structure, but also the most significant molecular genetic features or chromosomal aberrations. These features broaden the possibilities of target therapy, enable to minimize toxic effects and correct timing as well as to improve programmed treatment and to increase survival index.

Objective: Study objective is to determine the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity that required a neonatal resuscitation, and is to assess the impact of some risk factors with the use of modern perinatal technologies of breathing support and further developmental care in Amur Region.
Methods: We examined two matched infants groups with a gestational age at birth 34 weeks and/or body weight 2,250 gr or less: 102 infants with retinopathy of prematurity (1st group) and 125 infants without retinopathy of prematurity (2nd group).
Results: Depending on the gestational age the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity distributed as follows: among infants born until the 28th week of pregnancy – 77.4 %, until the 30th week – 48.5 %, until 32nd week – 31.2 %. Depending on body weight at birth the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity was: less than 1,000 gr – 55.8 %, less than 1,250 gr – 52.7 %, less than 1,500 gr – 40.3 %, less than 1,750 gr – 30.9 %, less than 2,000 gr – 24.1 %.
Conclusions: The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity is 17.8 % of the total number of infants born until the 34 weeks of gestational age and body weight at birth less than 2,000 gr in Amur Region. Birth asphyxia can be considered to be the most significant intranatal risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity. Reduction of the first rate according to Apgar scale up to 4 scores and less in infants with very low and extremely low body weight does not only increase the frequency of development of severe perinatal injury of the central nervous system but also is associated with retinopathy of prematurity.

Objective: clinical testing of original ophthalmologic survey to assess treatment satisfaction (TS) in patients getting antiangiogenic therapy for neovascular macular diseases.
Methods. Tested group consisted of 38 people (31 women, 9 men) aged from 51 to 93 y.o. with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, they got antiangiogenic therapy (ranibizumab, aflibercept). Ptients were divided into subgroups with high (n=20) and low (n=18) compliance levels. We conducted a single survey with a questionnaire which included standard validated questionnaire on treatment satisfaction in macular diseases (MacTSQ) and questions assessing aspects of antiangiogenic therapy composed by authors.
Results. We determined significant direct correlation between and high level of compliance, and patients with high level of treatment adherence were more willing to return to therapy and were less dependent on outside help. The survey took 7 minutes in average. Despite elderly age patients did not struggle with understanding of questions and answering them.
Conclusions. We developed a method of TS level detection in patients with macular pathology who received antiangiogenic therapy. The method is based on scoring the answers to survey questions. The analysis of survey results can contribute to effectiveness of the therapy due to customized dosing schedule.

Objective: to assess the effectiveness of ‹Cytoflavinum’ in patients with low visual prognosis after endovitreal surgery of rheumatogenic retinal detachment (RRD) with anatomical attachment.
Methods: 28 people (28 eyes) aged from 16 to 54 y.o. were observed with primary RRD covering macular area. We performed three-port vitrectomy with silicon oil tamponade of vitreous cavity and its removal. Patients were divided into two groups: main group – 16 people having taken ‘Cytoflavinum’ along with standard therapy, and control group – 12 people (only standard therapy).
Results: Most significant positive changes of value growth amplitude and microcirculation efficiency index were noted in patients of the main group in six months after surgery; most significant positive changes were noted using optical coherent tomography-angiography compared to patients of the control group.
Conclusions: Using neuroprotector ‘Cytoflavinum’ in therapy after endovitreal surgery of RRD significantly increases the quality of functional surgery outcome due to activation of chorioretinal blood flow.

Objective: to assess features of eyeball structure in children with the 2nd stage of cicatricial retinopathy of long-term prematurity (RP) after laser coagulation (LC).
Methods: We selected 18 children with the 2nd stage of cicatricial RP who underwent LC of retina in border stages of RP in 2008–2009 (main group). Selection criterion – absence of traction changes in macular area. Before the surgery they were 25–33 weeks old, body weight 877–1800 g. We performed optical coherence tomography of macular area, determined the size of anteroposterior axis (APA) and the depth of anterior chamber of the eye in 2017. Control: group of 17 children of similar age with dysbinocular amblyopia. Analyzing the material, we used methods of descriptive statistics with calculation of average and its standard deviations.
Results: We detected a significant difference in depth of anterior chamber of the eye in representatives of the main group (2,38±0,19 mm) and of control group (2,78±0,18 mm). We determined general tendency to reduction of retinal thickness in all segments of macular area in children after LC, with a statistically significant difference being obtained in the inner temporal and inner upper segments. Exception to the general tendency was increase of retinal thickness in the foveolar fossa: 279,5±17,9 against 239,2±9,2 μm in control group.
Conclusions: Features of eyeball structure in children with the 2nd stage of cicatricial RP having undergone laser surgery are an increase in retinal thickness in the foveolar fossa and a uniform decrease in its thickness in other sectors of the macula, as well as a smaller anterior chamber of the eye compared with the benchmarks.

Objective: clinical assessment of macular blood flow in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia.
Methods: 102 women aged from 19 to 55 y.o. participated in the study. The main group – 46 pregnant women with preeclampsia; the 1st experimental group – 20 women with physiological gestation course; the 2nd experimental group – 16 non-pregnant women with occlusions of the branches of the central retinal vein; the control group – 20 healthy women. We studied macular blood flow and the level of endothelin-1 in lacrimal fluid with optical coherence tomography method. The study was conducted on the 35–36th week of pregnancy and in 6–9 months after delivery.
Results: We determined the correlation between endothelial dysfunction progression (as evidenced by high levels of endothelin-1 in the lacrimal fluid) and development of vascular pathology of posterior segment of the eye.
Conclusions: High risk factors for the development of vascular pathology of posterior segment of the eye in the after-delivery period: decrease of the total average vascular density in the superficial plexus by 20 % or more in the III trimester of gestation, decrease of subfoveal thickness of the choroid by 15 % or more, absence of positive dynamics of optical coherence tomography values in 6–9 months after delivery.

Objective is to define determinants of financial inclusion of medications to treat diseases of cardiovascular system after enaction of state price registration.
Methods: To assess the cost per unit it was used an approach based on defined daily dose (DDD). For the study we selected basic medications intended to treat disease of cardiovascular system (category АТХ). According to DDD we calculated the price DDD (pDDD). For the analysis we created a database of registered prices for medications of pharma producers for 2010–2016. We determined the evaluations of general totality, maximal and minimal rate and dynamics of prices during test period.
Results: It was established that movement of medications prices from 2010 to 2016 had been ambiguously changing and had been similar to rates of Federal State Statistics Service, but since 2015 difference have been registered as well.
Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the system of financial inclusion of medications for the population to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: to assess clinical effectiveness of complex use of ‘Lucentis’ and ‘Meldonium’ in the treatment of macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion.
Methods: 35 patients (35 eyes) with macular edema with retinal vein occlusion were undergone three consecutive “load” intravitreal administrations of 0.5 mg (0.005 mL) of ‘Lucentis’ once a month. In 19 cases, the introduction of Lucentis was supplemented with daily parabulbar injections of 0.5 ml of Meldonium solution for 10 days.
Results: Using Meldonium visual acuity increased by 3.5 times, light sensitivity of the central zone of the retina – 2.1 times and electrical lability – 1.2 times. Visual electric threshold of retina decreased by 1.5 times.
Conclusions:The improvement of functional parameters in the combined treatment is due to the ability of Meldonium to activate the recovery of the chorioretinal microblood in the macula. The results of a clinical study on the reversibility of ischemic and metabolic injuries of the neuroreceptors of the macula in patients with macular edema with retinal vein occlusion allow us to recommend ‘Meldonium’ for the improvement of visual functions after the intravitreal administration of ‘Lucentis’.

Objective: is to assess the resistance to antibiotics and determine phenotypes of resistance of clinical isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) recovered from patients of cardiac surgery hospital.
Methods: We analyzed antibiograms of 152 isolates of CNS recovered from postoperative wound, from cusps and artificial cardiac pacemaker incisions, from tracheobronchial tree washouts, blood, pleural fluid, urine, and from nasal discharge of cardiac patients. Recovering, identification and determination of culture sensibility to antibiotic medications were conducted with microbiological analyzer Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux).
Results: CNS were recovered more often from biological material among which Staphylococcus epidermidis prevailed. Analysis of antibiotic resistance showed the spread of methicillin resistance. A large number of resistant staphylococci were detected from the tracheobronchial tree washouts, and less from surgical wounds. Staphylococcus warneri, isolated from the blood, was resistant to all classes of antibiotics, with the exception of the reserve group medication, tigecycline.
Conclusions: The predominant microorganisms among those isolated from patients at the cardiac surgical hospital were CNS, more often S. epidermidis. The spread of methicillin resistance in staphylococci tends to increase. The high activity of tigecycline, daptomycin, vancomycin and linezolid with respect to CNS has been established, which must be considered when planning antibiotic therapy.

Objective: to determine risk factors of vascular pathology of posterior segment of the eye in pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE).
Methods: The main group: 42 pregnant women with PE. The 1st experimental group: 30 women with physiological gestation course. The 2nd experimental group: 27 non-pregnant women with vascular pathology of posterior segment of the eye. The control group: 25 healthy non-pregnant women. We determined linear blood flow rate in short posterior ciliary arteries and prothrombin ratio.
Results: In group of pregnant women with PE in the III trimester we registered a decrease of average values of linear blood flow rate which in most cases increased to normal values by 6-8th months of after delivery period. These values remained decreased in 12 women that matched with the growth of prothrombin ratio. Occlusions of retinal veins has formed in mentioned cases 1.5–3.5 years later.
Conclusions: Studies of linear blood flow rate in short posterior ciliary arteries and level of prothrombin ratio in pregnancy complicated by PE can detect a group of women with increased risk factor of formation of vascular pathology of posterior segment of the eye during a year after delivery.

Objective: is a complex analysis of the course of pregnancy in women with menstrual dysfunction in puberty for an individual approach to periconceptional supplementation when planning the pregnancy and prevention of complications.
Methods: We performed a prospective examination of 160 pregnant women: 120 of them had menstrual dysfunction in puberty, 40 of them had a regular menstrual cycle. We determined level of estriol, progesterone, placental grows factor (PlGF) и vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in blood serum. Women was run ultrasound and doppler examination of the blood flow in uteroplacental and fetal placental vessels on the 30th–34th and on the 36th–40th weeks of pregnancy.
Results: Threatened miscarriage on the 11th–14th week of gestation was diagnosed in 41 women of the main group, and in 3 women of the control group. Swellings, proteinuria and hypertensive disorders occurred more often in the main groups by 2.8 times. Concentration of PlGF in blood serum of pregnant women of the main group was significantly lower than in the control group. The lowest concentration of PlGF was detected in women who had pre-existing pubertal uterine bleedings. Chronic placental insufficiency was more often diagnosed in women of the main group as well. Relative risk of placental insufficiency development was 1.53 in women with menstrual dysfunction in puberty.
Conclusions: Placental insufficiency in women with late age at menarche is caused by reduction of estriol and progesterone level in periconceptional period, in women with pubertal bleedings is caused by decrease of PlGF expression and disorders of chorion angiogenesis with advanced maturation of its vessels.

Objective: is to analyze the use of antibacterial medications in dental implant placement.
Methods: The study was performed as a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study which had been conducting from 2014 to 2017 in dental outpatient clinics of Vladivostok.
Results: We have analyzed 67 patient charts of 15 men and 52 women after dental implant placements and/or bone grafting. We defined 9 regimens of post-operative antibacterial therapy: “Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid” was prescribed in 56 cases, Amoxicillin – in 3 cases, Ciprofloxacin – in 6 cases, Lincosamides – in 2 cases. The average duration of antibiotics use was 5.6 days.
Conclusions: It is necessary to work toward the reduction of duration of antibacterial therapy in dental implant placement with the possibility of the use of perioperative preventive antibiotics and more reasonable prescription of antibacterial medications.

Objective: comparative analysis of the use of collagen scaffold (CS) and amniotic membrane (AM) with laboratory-reared limbal stem cells (LSC) to manage limbal deficiency.
Methods: The study was performed on 40 adult rabbits (80 eyes), Chinchilla breed. All animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each to run two set of experiments with CS and AM as LSC carriers. After creation of a model of limbal deficiency and superficial keratectomy we used CS and AM with laboratoryreared LSC in experimental groups experimental groups, and CS and AM without cells in control groups.
Results: On the 90th days after transplantation we observed a significant increase of corneal transparency in experimental groups. Epithelial surface was smooth, glossy, not stained with fluorescein. In control groups we registered pronounced corneal stroma opacity, its vascularization, persistent abrasions. According to the results impression cytology and histological study we detected normal multilayer non-squamous epithelium with basal membrane not containing goblet cells in experimental groups. In control groups epithelium contained goblet ells, had different number of ranges, abrasions were detected.
Conclusions:Transplantation of carriers with laboratory-reared LSC on the surface of cornea enables to create its repository sufficient to recover epithelium of corneal phenotype.

Objective: Analysis of factors related to the use of alcohol, physical and social consequences of its use among older Russians.
Methods: An inquiring questionnaire survey among 60+ Russian community-dwelling elderly (n = 65) in pansionat in urban district with drinking habits, basic attributes, lifestyle, health status, conversation, SF-8, GDS, and PSQI were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed between drinking and non-drinking groups and compared by χ2 test and t-test.
Results: As the result of logistic regression analysis, we found that alcohol intake was significantly associated with sleep disorders (OR = 5.015; 95 % CI: 1.25–19.9), cardiovascular diseases (OR = 0.208; 95 % CI: 0.06–0.75) and work as the favourite topic to talk (OR = 6.125; 95 % CI: 1.40–26.8).
Conclusion: Due to ageing-related decrease in functioning of sympathetic nervous system, alcohol intake could lead to sleep disorders, whereas moderate alcohol intake among Russian geriatric population should be considered. Current data shows lower risk of cardiovascular disease among drinking group, however due to negative influence on sleep and no reports on causal relations among drinking, sleep and cardiovascular diseases, drinking as a substitution for cardiovascular diseases is not recommended. Retirement among Russian community dwelling elderly in urban areas could substitute alcohol drinking, what should be considered in current policy-making as for increase of retirement age and pensions for unemployed elderly population.

Objective: comparative determination of glycoside of amygdalin in kernels of stone fruits of Rosaceae family growing in southern districts of Primorskiy territory.
Methods: We used fruits of Prunus padus and Prunus maackii, apricots, plums and cherries of different species, and we used their kernels to make an extract with 95 % ethanol using simple maceration. We performed spectrophotometry, liquid chromatography and mass-spectroscopy to examine extracts.
Results: Due to combination of physical and chemical parameters amygdaline was identified in extracts of kernels of bird cherry fruits. Its highest content was detected in kernels of Prunus maackii fruits. Intervarietal differences of glycoside content over the species range were insignificant. The content of amygdalin in kernels of Prunus maackii was 16–18 % lower than in bitter almonds, however kernels of this bird cherry fruits have much less ballast substances that simplifies manufacturing technology.
Conclusions: Kernels of Prunus maackii fruits are similar to bitter almond in amygdalin content and are show promise as raw materials resource to produce herbal medicinal products of amygdalin.

Objective: to assess the impacto of hirudotherapy and gestagens on angiogenic growth factors and uterine hemodynamics in women with primary oligomenorrhea in past medical history.
Methods: We examined 80 women with primary oligomenorrhea in past medical history (the main group) and 40 women with regular menstrual cycle (the control group). 40 women of the main group received hirudotherapy (the 1st subgroup), and 40 women took gestagens (the 2nd subgroup). We studied concentration of vascular-endothelial growth factor А (VEGF-А) and its soluble receptors (sVEGFR1) in blood serum. We run ultrasound examination with Doppler-metry of uterine arteries.
Results: Anovular menstrual cycle was detected in 17 patients; lack of luteal phase of menstrual cycle was detected in 63 patients. The initial concentration of VEGF-A was 2.2 times less, and resistance index of uterine arteries were higher than in the control group. After periconceptional multivitamin supplementation the concentration of VEGF-А and sVEGFR1 increased in blood serum, and resistance index decreased. The concentration of angiogenic growth factors after hirudotherapy was significantly higher than after therapy with gestagens. We determined a strong inverse correlation between concentration of angiogenic factors and resistance index value of uterine arteries.
Conclusions: Decrease of resistance index and hemodynamics improvement in uterine arteries after hirudotherapy is explained by increased angiogenesis, and after intake of gestagens – by decrease of vascular resistance.

Summary: The experience of performing seven total extraperitoneal hernioplasty under epidural anesthesia is summarized. Intraoperative complications were not registered, the postoperative period was uneventful, there was no relapse during the observation period. The average length of inpatient stay was 3.3 bed-days. Considering the data obtained, it can be concluded that total extraperitoneal plasty in combination with epidural anesthesia can be an alternative to Lichnenstein›s operation.

Objective: The study represents a comparative analysis and determination of optimal methods of filing dislocated complexes ‘intraocular lens (IOL) – capsular bag’ in various clinical situations.
Methods: The studies were conducted in a group of 15 patients (15 eyes) with a dislocation of the IOL – capsular bag complex, 2–3 stages. The patients were divided into the following groups: 1) with stapling with an anchor suture to the iris for one haptic element; 2) with stitching with interrupted sutures to the iris for two haptic elements; 3) with transscleral fixation with one suture; 4) with transscleral fixation with two sutures; 5) with transscleral fixation with three sutures.
Results: In one eye with fixation of the IOL – capsular bag complex for two haptic elements to the iris, a rise in intraocular pressure up to 28 mm Hg was observed in a month. In the eye with the HANITA SeeLens IOL, the upper haptic element was dislocated from the fixation suture one day later. In the eye with the HANITA SeeLens IOL with transscleral fixation with three stitches behind the intracapsular ring a week later a lens dislocated inside ‘the capsular bag – intracapsular ring’ complex. Visual acuity in all cases, excluding patients with re-dislocation of the IOL, increased by an average of 0.3.
Conlusions: Fixing any number of IOL sutures made of hydrophilic acrylic, except for IOL with various openings and rings in the haptic elements, cannot be considered stable and safe in terms of predicting complications in the early and late postoperative periods. Transscleral technique is the most stable and reliable method for fixing stationed IOLs.

Objective: to compare topography and intensity of a magnetic field of tips of different length to permanent eye magnet and to determine optimum operating parameters.
Methods: We have studied magnetic-field distribution of V.V. Volkov’s tips and 25G caliber of different length to a permanent eye magnet. We used methods of visualization of magnetic lines of force with powder of PZHR brand (dispersed iron powder) 3.200.2 and magnetic tape-visualizer. To measure intensity of magnetic field we used ‘Gauss Meter SH1-8’.
Results: Magnetic field distribution projected to two-dimensional surface was 29 sq.mm for V.V. Volkov’s tip, and for 25G caliber tips of 30, 35, 40 mm it was 10, 8, 4.5, 3 mm2, respectively. Amplitude of magnetic field at the top of the tips along the axis and at the lateral surface differed. Intensity of magnetic field at the lateral surface was higher that along the axis in standard tip, and in the tip of 25G caliber, 30 mm. Intensity of magnetic field at the top was higher than at the lateral surface in tips of 25G caliber, 35, 40, and 45 mm.
Conclusions: Intensity of magnetic field at the lateral surface of 25G caliber tips is higher than along the sagittal axis near the top, and line of forces are concentrated on the top as compared to V.V. Volkov’s tips. It makes possible to anchor a foreign body with the tip of the instrument. The longer tip length contributes to better retention of foreign bodies on the tip without slipping to the tip base and directly to the permanent magnet. The optimal ratio of the magnetic field strength along the axial and lateral surfaces was recorded for a 25G caliber tip with a length of 35 mm.

Objective: to develop a method for mathematical prediction of the most effective single-stage reconstructive blepharoplasty.
Methods: 80 patients (80 eyes) were operated on for extensive cicatricial defects of the eyelids with the implementation of plastic twolayer (1st group, 40 people) and three-layer (2nd group, 40 people) grafts. Logistic regression and analysis of ROC-curves were used to identify prognostic parameters that affect the outcome of autograft engraftment. Prognostic criteria: age of patients, area of lost eyelid tissues, average index and microcirculation efficiency index. 
Results: The prognostic significance of only the microcirculation index in the tissues of the damaged eyelid was revealed. If its value is less than 3.5 perfusion units, a complicated type of postoperative scarring is predicted for both types of surgical reconstruction - one-stage plastic reconstruction of cicatricial eyelid defects can be considered ineffective. If the patient has a microcirculation index in the damaged eyelid, it ranges from 3.5 to 7 perf. units, predicted uncomplicated scarring after using a three-layer transplant. When the indicator is 7 perf. units and more, uncomplicated scarring is predicted for both types of single-stage blepharoplasty.
Conclusions: High prognostic efficiency confirms the expediency of applying the developed mathematical model when choosing the optimal method of one-stage composite plastics in patients with cicatricial eyelid defects.

Objective: to assess results of treatment of injuries of different genesis with the use of antioxidants and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT).
Methods: We analyzed the results of treatment of 80 patients aged 20–60 y.o. with injuries of different genesis and localization divided into main and control groups (40 patients each). Along with traditional treatment the main group received antioxidant therapy (oral intake of biologically active supplement “Lavitol-V” and applied topically – dihydroquercetin powder for 21 days). Simultaneously patients with burns of the1-2 stages received 8–10 sessions of HOT, and patients with burns of the 3 stage and with persistent wounds received 3–4 sessions of HOT with consecutive autodermoplasty and continued to receive HOT with antioxidant therapy since the first day of post-surgery period.
Results: Positive wound process was observed in patients of the main group: less pain severity, early epithelization and wounds cicatrization, decrease of proinflammatory cytokines level and lipid peroxidation rate in blood serum. Due to activation of repair process we were able to reduce the time of self-epithelization in burns of the 1–2 stages, and the time of preoperative preparation for deferred autodermoplasty in burns of the 3 stage and in persistent wounds, and to improve the results of graft retention compared to a traditional treatment.
Conclusions: Antioxidant therapy and HOT influence pathogenetically on wound process, and suggested way of treatment combines positive effects of both methods.

Objective: Aerostasis insufficiency of a stitch of a lung remains an unsolved problem of thoracic surgery. When residual air pockets resistant to the treatment and associated with aerostasis insufficiency occur it is rational to remove them with the apposition of visceral pleura to parietal or any other transposed tissue.
Methods: The effectiveness of methods of combined aerostasis was compared based on the results of surgical treatment of 227 thoracic patients (in 97.3 % – tuberculosis), aged from 18 to 65 y.o. The effectiveness of osteoplastic thoracoplasty with a mesh implant was studied based on the results of surgical treatment of 80 patients aged from 18 to 57 y.o.
Results: The combination of a machine stitch of a lung and additional seal with latex glue demonstrated the highest effectiveness. The worst efficiency was observed with additional strengthening of the machine stitch of the lung with manual stitch, at the same time, the use of glue in addition to the manual stitch led to more than double the daily aerostatic efficiency.
Conclusions: Additional processing of the lung resection line with latex glue to improve the effectiveness of aerostasis. Osteoplastic thoracoplasty with a mesh implant prevents the formation of pulmonary hernia, and also reduces the intensity and duration of pain in the postoperative period.

Objective: is to assess the effectiveness of complex treatment of stabilized primary open-angle incipient glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure including parabulbar administration of ‘Cortexin’ and electrostimulation of optic nerve.
Methods: We examined 42 patients (72 eyes) with stabilized primary open-angle incipient glaucoma. 32 patients (56 eyes) were administered 10 mg of “Cortexin” parabulbarly and retina and optic nerve were (1st group), 10 patients (16 eyes) received only hypotensive therapy (2nd group, control).
Results: Electrostimulation in combination with neuroprotective therapy enabled to improve vision acuity in 83 %, peripheral visual field by 50° in average (eight meridians in total) – in 91 % of patients. In 94 % of cases in average electrosensitivity of visual system decreased by120.8 μA, and electrolability increased by 5.2 Hz.
Conclusions: The proposed method of complex treatment of glaucoma improves the stability of the nerve cells of the eye to pathological factors causing a decrease in visual functions, and can be considered an effective method aimed at their preservation and stabilization of the glaucomatous process.

We described a clinical case of specialized care in hospital ship in open globe injury with intraocular foreign body. We have analyzed the examination results, process and features of surgical debridement of an open globe injury in hospital ship conditions at sea, further therapy which resulted in the preservation of high visual acuity and working efficiency of an injured person.

The article represents two observations of histiocytosis from Langerhans cells the clinical manifestations of which debuted with changes in the orbit and patients saw an ophthalmologist on this issue for the first time. The first observation describes an isolated monofocal injury in outer wall with its local lysis. The second case describes a patient with multifocal multisystem injury of bone tissue and lungs. In both cases a different diagnosis was made at the initial examination.

Among the glorious galaxy of famous German urologists in the first row are the names of James Israel and Max Nitze. J. Israel (1848–1926) developed issues of diagnostics and surgical treatment of kidney and ureter diseases, publish a range of fundamental works which determined urology development many years ahead. Maximillian Nitze (1948–1906) – inventor of cystoscope of modern type, author of fundamental guide on cystoscopy and the first cystophotographic atlas. The current state of clinical urology is determined by the progress of basic research in biology, physics, biochemistry, bacteriology, immunology, pharmacology. At the same time, the personality of the medical scientist, his observation, non-standard view, ability to see the prospects and educate worthy students, which the great German urologists J. Israel and M. Nietze fully matched, are of utmost importance.